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Factors shaping the human microbiome development. The neonatal microbiome is a delicate and highly dynamic ecosystem that undergoes rapid changes in composition in the first few years of life determined by several pre and perinatal factors. The maturation of the gut microbiota toward an adult-like structure largely occurs by the age of 2 or 3 years. Therefore, early infancy could be a critical period for modulating the microbiota to promote healthy growth and development.
