Table 4. Theranostic applications of cyclodextrins .

Type of Cyclodextrin	Name of synthesized polymer	Molecule	Use	Comments	Ref
Β-CD	folic acid-functionalized poly(β-cyclodextrin-co-pentetic acid)	Gadolinium (III) oxide	Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging	Poly-CD shell could significantly enhance biosafety reducing the toxicity gadolinium (III) oxide	149
Β-CD and 6-thio- β-CD	β-CD functionalized Polydopamide- Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles	Diclofenac	Nanovehicle for targeted drug delivery	CD improved drug loading and allowed slow release of drug for more than 75 hrs	150
Methyl-β-CD	Methyl-β-CD-quaternary ammonium chitosan conjugate (QA-Ch-MCD)	Dexamethasone	Mucoadvesive carrier	QA-Ch-MCD with drug shows particle size 2.7±0.4 nm showing higher stability constant and complexation efficiency against methyl-β-CD	151
β-CD	poly(p-phenylene-β-cyclodextrin)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol)	--	Cell imaging and radiotherapy	Glycoconjugation, provides more effective targeting and imaging with β-CD groups compared to unconjugated polymer	152
β-CD	β-CD-Maleic Anhydride N-Isopropylacrylamide	Curcumin Doxorubicin Hydrochloride	Fluorescence imaging, cancer cell-targeting, dual stimuli (pH and temperature) response and dual drug delivery	CD allows loading and release of hydrpphillic and hydrophobic components in nanoconjugates, Simultaneous loading and release of Doxorubicin and Curcumin. Endocytosis monitored by fluorescence and targeted cancer cell death in vitro manifested by significant tumor regression in vivo	153
Mono(6-amino-6-deoxy)- β-CD	Reactive oxygen species (ROS)- cleavable thioketal linker (TK) bridged β-CD dimmer and ROS non-responsive alkyl linker bridged β-CD dimmer	Camptothecin	ROS responsive for selective killing of tumor and the real-time tracking of drug release	Modified thioketal derivative of CD permit ROS resposnsives for optimal characteristic of nanosystem	154
HP-β-CD	HP-β-CD functionalized Fe3O4	Doxirubicin	pH/NIR responsive drug release and magnetic resonance/near infrared fluorescence imaging-guided synergetic chemo/photothermal therapy of tumor	HP-β-CD functionalized Fe3O4 responsible for pH dependent drug release behavior,	155
β-CD	β-CD NPs linked to tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile	Doxorubicin	pH-triggered release allow cancer targeting, with controlled release characterized by very fast cell uptake kinetics due to sugar-receptor mediated endocytosis	β-CD derivative allows thermal stability and high water dispersibility	156
β-CD	Star polymer composed of β-CD core and poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) arms	Reduced Glutathione	MRI contrast agent and drug delivery	β-CD based star polymer provides higher drug association and better stability in serum solutions against linear polymers	157
β-CD	βCD -{poly(lactide)-poly(2-(d imethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)-poly[oligo(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)methacrylate]}21 unimolecular micelles	Doxorubicin	Dual-functionalization for CT imaging and drug delivery	CD provides hydrophobic core for drug loading, stearic stabilization of CD based polymer provides gold NPs	158
Carboxy-methylated β-CD	CM-β-CD was grafted onto Fe3O4 on fluorescent dye-conjugated silica layer-folic acid	Retinoic acid	Smart theranostic candidate for simultaneous fluorescence imaging, magnetic manipulation, cancer cell-targeting and hydrophobic drug delivery.	Fe3O4 is encapsulated within a shell of SiO2 that ensures biocompatibility of the nanocomposite and a host for fluorescent dye, cancer-targeting ligand (folic acid), and a hydrophobic β-CD).	159
β –CD	β -CD-grafted polyethylenimine (CP)	siRNA	siRNA targeting the M2 isoform of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PKM2)	CP provides positive charge for loading of siRNA through electrostatic interaction and enables effective endosomal escape of siRNA	160
β –CD	β -CD PEG, biotin and b-CD surface-functionalized AuNP and PEG, biotin and rhodamine B linked β-CD surface-functionalized AuNP	Paclitaxel	Higher affinity to cancer cells such as HeLa, A549, and MG63 indicating its role in the diagnosis and therapy of the cancer cells	PEG used as a solvated antifouling shell, biotin as a cancer-specific targeting ligand, β -CD as a drug pocket	161
mono-6-thio β –CD	Polydopamine (PDA)-coated magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with mono-6-thio-β-cyclodextrin (SH-βCD)	Doxorubicin	Combined chemo- and photothermal therapy (CT-PTT) of liver cancer	Prepared NPs are nontoxic and shows higher drug loading	162
CM-β –CD	Antibody modified polypyrrole CD	Doxorubicin	photoacoustic imaging-guided chemo-photothermal therapy for thyroid cancer	Three-stimuli-controlled drug delivery, including the enzyme-sensitive, pH-sensitive and photothermal-sensitive drug release	163

CD, cyclodextrin; NP, nanoparticle; CT imaging, computed tomography imaging.