Table 7.

QMRA parameters of SARS-CoV-2 and relevant respiratory viruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza viruses).

Parameter	SARS-CoV-2	SARS-CoV	MERS-CoV	Influenza virus	Reference
Dose response (see Table 8)	Not available	Available	Available	Available	(Huang et al., 2018; Kitajima et al., 2011; Lunn et al., 2019; QMRA Wiki, 2020a, QMRA Wiki, 2020b; Watanabe et al., 2010)
Excretion in saliva (copies/mL)	9.9 × 102–1.2 × 108	7.08 × 103–6.38 × 108	7–2.02 × 105 (Avg.: 4.17 × 104)	101–107	(Adhikari et al., 2019; Sueki et al., 2016; To et al., 2020a, To et al., 2020b; Wang et al., 2004)
Feces (copies/g-feces)	Up to 108 copies/swab	5.1 × 101–107	Up to 103	103.7–106	(Chan et al., 2011; Cheng et al., 2004; Drosten et al., 2013; Hung et al., 2004; Isakbaeva et al., 2004; D. Wang et al., 2020; Wigginton and Boehm, 2020; Wölfel et al., 2020)
Urine (copies/mL)	ND	Up to 104.4	Up to 2.69 × 103	Not available	(Drosten et al., 2013; Hung et al., 2004; W. Wang et al., 2020c)
Nasal swabs (copies/mL)	1.4 × 106–1.5 × 107	2.47 × 104–6.97 × 107	Up to 103.7	102.7–109.3 (varies by strain)	(Drosten et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2009; Ngaosuwankul et al., 2010; D. Wang et al., 2020b; Wong et al., 2005; Zou et al., 2020)
Attack rate (%)	Up to 80	<1–100 depending on scenario	0.42–15.8	5–30	(Burke et al., 2020; Park et al., 2018; Verity et al., 2020; WHO, 2011, WHO, 2019)
Case fatality rate (CFR) (%)	5.3–8.4	Up to 50; most estimates ~9–17%	34.4–69.2	<1 (seasonal flu)–60 (H5N1)	(Jung et al., 2020; Li et al., 2008; Park et al., 2018; C. Wang et al., 2020a; WHO, 2003, WHO, 2011; J. Y. Wong et al., 2013b)
Basic reproduction number (R0)	1.4–6.5	2–5	0.45–8.1	1.7–2.8 (varies by strain)	(Boldog et al., 2020; Cheng and Shan, 2020; Coburn et al., 2009; Jung et al., 2020; Lai et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Park et al., 2018; B. Tang et al., 2020; Wallinga and Teunis, 2004; WHO, 2020e)
Incubation period (days)	2–14	2–10	4.5–7.8	1–4	(CDC, 2004; Lessler et al., 2009; Linton et al., 2020; Park et al., 2018; WHO, 2018)