Dose response (see Table 8) |
Not available |
Available |
Available |
Available |
(Huang et al., 2018; Kitajima et al., 2011; Lunn et al., 2019; QMRA Wiki, 2020a, QMRA Wiki, 2020b; Watanabe et al., 2010) |
Excretion in saliva (copies/mL) |
9.9 × 102–1.2 × 108
|
7.08 × 103–6.38 × 108
|
7–2.02 × 105 (Avg.: 4.17 × 104) |
101–107
|
(Adhikari et al., 2019; Sueki et al., 2016; To et al., 2020a, To et al., 2020b; Wang et al., 2004) |
Feces (copies/g-feces) |
Up to 108 copies/swab |
5.1 × 101–107
|
Up to 103
|
103.7–106
|
(Chan et al., 2011; Cheng et al., 2004; Drosten et al., 2013; Hung et al., 2004; Isakbaeva et al., 2004; D. Wang et al., 2020; Wigginton and Boehm, 2020; Wölfel et al., 2020) |
Urine (copies/mL) |
ND |
Up to 104.4
|
Up to 2.69 × 103
|
Not available |
(Drosten et al., 2013; Hung et al., 2004; W. Wang et al., 2020c) |
Nasal swabs (copies/mL) |
1.4 × 106–1.5 × 107
|
2.47 × 104–6.97 × 107
|
Up to 103.7
|
102.7–109.3 (varies by strain) |
(Drosten et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2009; Ngaosuwankul et al., 2010; D. Wang et al., 2020b; Wong et al., 2005; Zou et al., 2020) |
Attack rate (%) |
Up to 80 |
<1–100 depending on scenario |
0.42–15.8 |
5–30 |
(Burke et al., 2020; Park et al., 2018; Verity et al., 2020; WHO, 2011, WHO, 2019) |
Case fatality rate (CFR) (%) |
5.3–8.4 |
Up to 50; most estimates ~9–17% |
34.4–69.2 |
<1 (seasonal flu)–60 (H5N1) |
(Jung et al., 2020; Li et al., 2008; Park et al., 2018; C. Wang et al., 2020a; WHO, 2003, WHO, 2011; J. Y. Wong et al., 2013b) |
Basic reproduction number (R0) |
1.4–6.5 |
2–5 |
0.45–8.1 |
1.7–2.8 (varies by strain) |
(Boldog et al., 2020; Cheng and Shan, 2020; Coburn et al., 2009; Jung et al., 2020; Lai et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Park et al., 2018; B. Tang et al., 2020; Wallinga and Teunis, 2004; WHO, 2020e) |
Incubation period (days) |
2–14 |
2–10 |
4.5–7.8 |
1–4 |
(CDC, 2004; Lessler et al., 2009; Linton et al., 2020; Park et al., 2018; WHO, 2018) |