TABLE 1.

Post-translational modifications that modulate YAP1/TAZ.

Modification types	Regulative sites	Enzymes	Effects
Phosphorylation	Ser109	LATS1/2	YAP1/TAZ cytoplasm retention (Zhao et al., 2010)
	Ser127 (Ser89 in TAZ)	LATS1/2	Binding YAP1 to 14-3-3 and inducing cytoplasm retention (Zhao et al., 2007)
	Ser128	NLK	Blocking YAP1 binding to 14-3-3 (Moon et al., 2017)
	Ser381 (Ser311 in TAZ)	LATS1/2	β–Trcp-dependent ubiquitination degradation (Zhao et al., 2010)
	NS	PRP4K	YAP1/TAZ nuclear export (Cho et al., 2018)
	Tyr357	c-Abl	Stabilizing YAP1 stable and increasing YAP1–p73 interaction inducing cell apoptosis (Levy et al., 2008)
	Tyr357	Src	Enhancing YAP1 nuclear retention and target gene CTGF expression (Taniguchi et al., 2015)
	one or more tyrosine residues	Yes	Promoting YAP1 translocation and Oct-3/4 transcription (Tamm et al., 2011)
Dephosphorylation	Ser127 (Ser89 and Ser311 in TAZ)	PP1A	YAP1/TAZ nuclear translocation (Liu et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011).
O-GlcNacylation	Ser109	OGT	Impeding LATS1/2-induced YAP1 Ser109 phosphorylation and potentiating YAP1 activity (Peng et al., 2017)
	Thr241	OGT	Attenuating LATS1/2-dependent YAP1 Ser127 phosphorylation and enhancing YAP1 activity (Zhang et al., 2017)
Methylation	Lys342	SET1A	Dampening YAP1–CRM1 fusion and enhancing YAP1 nuclear retention (Fang et al., 2018)
	Lys494	SET7	Enhancing YAP1 translocation to cytosol and cytoplasmic membrane Oudhoff et al., 2013)
Ubiquitination	NS	SCFβ–TRCP	YAP1/TAZ protein degradation (Dong et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2007)
	NS	Fbxw7	YAP1 protein degradation (Tu et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016)
	Lys321, Lys497	SKP2	Accumulating YAP1 nuclear localization and association between YAP1 and TEAD (Yao et al., 2018)
De-ubiquitination	NS	USP9X	Stabilizing YAP1 and enhancing its activity (Li et al., 2018a).
	NS	OTUD1	Reducing YAP1 stability and attenuating the cell proliferation activity of YAP1 (Yao et al., 2018).

NS, not specified, where the specific regulator sites have not been validated.