Macrophages upregulate Wnt ligand expression in response to modified Ti surfaces in vivo. C57Bl/6 mice were instrumented with rough or rough-hydro Ti implants, and peri-implant tissue was collected at 1, 3, or 7d (n=6 per group). Macrophages were isolated by cell sorting using CD11b-APC antibody and subsequent anti-APC magnetic nanobeads. Expression of Wnt ligand genes in peri-implant tissue was measured using qPCR. Results are normalized to expression of the housekeeping gene Gapdh and presented as fold-change (2-ΔΔCt). p<0.05: # vs. respective Control, $ vs. respective Sham, % vs. respective Rough.