Table 4.

Arterial blood lactate, alanine, and glycerol and plasma NEFA concentrations, as well as net hepatic balance data, under basal conditions and during the clamp study

Parameter and Group	Basal (−20 to 0 min)	Period 1			Period 2
		30 min	60 min	90 min	120 min	150 min	180 min
Lactate, µmol/L
Chow	295 ± 9	525 ± 92	704 ± 117	691 ± 57	743 ± 51	784 ± 58	877 ± 61
HFFD	241 ± 14	281 ± 19*	331 ± 36*	415 ± 50*	469 ± 50*	483 ± 66*	485 ± 78*
HFFD + FUM	262 ± 26	466 ± 151	628 ± 186	595 ± 161	634 ± 168	614 ± 119	611 ± 130
Net hepatic lactate balance,a µmol·kg−1·min−1
Chow	−6.0 ± 1.0	1.9 ± 4.9	6.3 ± 3.7	5.3 ± 2.6	4.2 ± 2.1	4.2 ± 2.3	1.6 ± 2.0
HFFD	2.7 ± 0.3*	2.4 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.6*	1.3 ± 0.5*	1.1 ± 0.6*	1.3 ± 0.6*	2.0 ± 0.4*
HFFD + FUM	4.3 ± 0.3*	−0.6 ± 2.9	−1.3 ± 2.7	−0.5 ± 1.9	−0.7 ± 1.8	−0.7 ± 1.7	0.2 ± 1.5†
Alanine, µmol/L
Chow	276 ± 15	315 ± 22	336 ± 29	337 ± 22	327 ± 19	330 ± 24	328 ± 22
HFFD	226 ± 17	234 ± 15*	214 ± 15*	209 ± 19*	199 ± 17*	193 ± 21*	195 ± 19*
HFFD + FUM	196 ± 18*	221 ± 17*	227 ± 23*	213 ± 22*	205 ± 18*	200 ± 17*	186 ± 17*
Net hepatic alanine uptake, µmol·kg−1·min−1
Chow	2.3 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.2	2.2 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.3
HFFD	1.1 ± 0.1*	1.3 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1*	1.3 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1*	1.5 ± 0.1*	1.4 ± 0.1*
HFFD + FUM	1.2 ± 0.1*	1.1 ± 0.1*	1.4 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.2*	1.7 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.1*
Glycerol, µmol/L
Chow	81 ± 15	27 ± 2	35 ± 4	31 ± 4	35 ± 5	34 ± 9	32 ± 6
HFFD	87 ± 8	47 ± 4	43 ± 6	51 ± 6	40 ± 5	52 ± 9	44 ± 8
HFFD + FUM	137 ± 13*†	67 ± 5*†	63 ± 7*†	75 ± 8*†	73 ± 4*†	64 ± 6*	70 ± 6*†
Net hepatic glycerol uptake, µmol·kg−1·min−1
Chow	1.9 ± 0.4	0.6 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.1
HFFD	1.3 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.1
HFFD + FUM	2.6 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.2†	1.5 ± 0.3*†	1.3 ± 0.1†	1.2 ± 0.1†	1.6 ± 0.1*†
Arterial NEFA, µmol/L
Chow	828 ± 101	219 ± 85	144 ± 24	97 ± 13	91 ± 18	66 ± 9	52 ± 5
HFFD	810 ± 48	281 ± 43	138 ± 44	122 ± 34	87 ± 31	109 ± 35	94 ± 39
HFFD + FUM	866 ± 107	222 ± 54	118 ± 39	129 ± 48	81 ± 20	78 ± 27	96 ± 20
Net hepatic NEFA uptake, µmol·kg−1·min−1
Chow	2.1 ± 1.0	0.7 ± 0.5	0.4 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.2	0.2 ± 0.0
HFFD	2.0 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.2	0.1 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.1	0.1 ± 0.2	0.2 ± 0.3	0.2 ± 0.0
HFFD + FUM	1.9 ± 0.4	0.4 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.4	0.2 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.2	0.2 ± 0.1

Data are means ± SE. Arterial lactate, alanine, and glycerol are from whole blood samples; nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are from plasma samples; n = 4, 8, and 6 for the Chow [data previously published (8)], high-fat and -fructose diet (HFFD), and HFFD + FUM groups, respectively. Where no symbols are shown, there are no differences between groups.

^aNegative values for balance data indicate net hepatic uptake.

^*P < 0.05 vs. Chow by post hoc analysis.

^†P < 0.05 vs. HFFD by post hoc analysis.