Fig. 3.

Acute sleep fragmentation (SF) altered cytokine mRNA expression levels in peripheral tissues. Mean ± SE gene expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and TGFβ in heart (A–D), spleen (E–H), and liver (I–L) of vehicle-injected or chemically sympathectomized mice subjected to control or acute SF (n = 8/group). 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine. Significant effect of SF (*) and chemical sympathectomy (#) as determined by Bonferroni post hoc test followed by 2-way ANOVA. For statistical significance, α was set at 0.05.