The effect of adipose-derived stem cell exosome (ADSC-Exo)-based treatment on ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in vivo. A: H&E staining (magnification, ×200 and ×400); lung injury scores are used for the semiquantitative analysis of lung histopathological damage. B: the wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio. C: protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). D: myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung tissue. E: proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in BALF. F: quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis shows the gene expression of TNF-α, IL-6, TRPV4, β-catenin, and VE-cadherin normalized to the gene expression of GAPDH. G: Western blot (WB) analysis shows the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, TRPV4, β-catenin, and VE-cadherin, and the relative values are normalized to GAPDH. n = 4 mice from each group assayed in triplicate. The results are expressed as means ± SE. *P < 0.05. MV, mechanical ventilation; SB, spontaneously breathing; ADSC-CM, ADSC conditioned media.