Table 3.

Animal models demonstrating direct adipokine/batokine-mediated cardiac effects

Species	Animal Model	Adipokine/BATokine	Observed effect
Mouse	TAC	Adiponectin Omentin	Decreased hypertrophy in wild-type and diabetic (db/db) mice [50] Decreased hypertrohy and fibrosis [104]
	AngII infusion	Adiponectin	Decreased ROS [48]; decreased fibrosis [51]
	Permanent coronary ligation	Adiponectin Leptin	Improved LV function [49] Decreased apoptosis [64]; improved LV function and compensated hypertrophy [75]
	Coronary ischemia/reperfusion	Adiponectin Leptin Visfatin Omentin	Reduced infarct size [47] Reduced infarct size [66]Reduced infarct size [98] Reduced infarct size [101]
	Diet-induced obesity	Autotaxin	Secretion in obesity increased hypertrophy and fibrosis [95]
	Isoproterenol infusion; BAT transplant	BAT (general)	Functional BAT reduced hypertrophy and fibrosis [117]
Rat	Langendorff isolated heart	Leptin	Reduced infarct size [67]
	Permanent coronary ligation	Leptin	Increased hypertrophy and fibrosis [76]
	AAV overexpression	Resistin	Increased hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis with reduced LV function [90]
	Surgical excision of EAT	EAT (general)	Removal of EAT reduced infarct size and preserved cardiac function [193]
Pig	Surgical excision of EAT	EAT (general)	Removal of EAT reduced CAD [176,177]

Abbreviations: AAV, adeno-associated virus; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TAC, transverse aortic constriction.