Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies.
| Authors (year) | Patient character-istic | Design | Control group | N | Ni | Nc | Intervention (the number of sessions, duration of intervention) | BP measure-ment | Results of Blood Pressure Reduction | Quality assess-ment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Blom et al. (2014) [17] | Patients with unmedicated stage 1 hypertension | Randomized controlled trial | Wait-list control | 87 | 46 | 41 | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, (8 sessions, 8 weeks) |
24-hour ABP | No significant group differences were found for all ambulatory BP parameters after the intervention | High |
| 2. Campbell et al. (2012) [18] | Patients with cancer | Quasi-experimental, pre- and posttest control group design | Wait-list control | 70 | 39 | 31 | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, (8 sessions, 8 weeks) |
24-hour ABP | No significant group differences were found for BP parameters after the intervention | Medium |
| 3. Gotink et al. (2017) [19] | Patients with heart disease | Single blinded, pragmatic RCT | Usual care | 324 | 215 | 109 | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, (12 sessions, 12 months) |
Clinic BP |
Significant group differences were found for changes in SBP after the intervention | High |
| 4. Hartmann et al. (2012) [20] | Patients at high risk of diabetes complications | Randomized controlled trial | Treatment-as-usual group (TAU) | 110 | 53 | 57 | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, (8 sessions, 8 weeks) | 24-hour ABP | Significant group differences were found for changes in DBP after the intervention | High |
| 5. Hughes et al. (2013) [21] | Patients with unmedicated prehypertension | Randomized controlled trial | Progressive muscle relaxation training (PMR). | 56 | 28 | 28 | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, (8 sessions, 8 weeks) | 24-hour ABP | Significant group differences were found for changes in SBP and DBP after the intervention | High |
| 6. Kumar et al. (2017) [22] | Patients with type-2 diabetes | Randomized Pilot Study | Control group | 40 | 20 | 20 | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, (8 sessions, 8 weeks) | Clinic BP | Significant group differences were found for changes in SBP after the intervention No significant group differences for changes in DBP |
Medium |
| 7. Momeni et al. (2016) [23] | Patients with cardiovascular disease | Single-blind randomized controlled trial | Control group | 60 | 30 | 30 | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, (8 sessions, 8 weeks) | Clinic BP | Significant group differences were found for changes in SBP after the intervention | High |
| 8. Nejati et al. (2015) [24] | Patients with hypertension | Quasi-experimental study with a control group | Yoga training | 30 | 15 | 15 | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, (8 sessions, 8 weeks) | Clinic BP | Significant group differences were found for changes in SBP DBP after the intervention | Medium |
| 9.Ng et al. (2016) [25] | Patients with cancer | Randomized controlled trial | The normal listening group | 60 | 30 | 30 | Breathing awareness meditation (1 sessions, 1 day) | Clinic BP | Significant group differences were found for changes in SBP and DBP after the intervention | Medium |
| 10. Palta et al. (2012) [26] | Low-Income African-American Older Adults with cardiovascular disease | Prospective randomized controlled trial | Social support | 20 | 12 | 8 | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, (8 sessions, 8 weeks) | Clinic BP | Significant group differences were found for changes in SBP and DBP after the intervention | Medium |
| 11. Parswani et al. (2013) [27] | Patients with cardiovascular disease | Randomized controlled trial | Treatment-as-usual group (TAU) | 30 | 15 | 15 | Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, (8 sessions, 8 weeks) | Clinic BP | Significant group differences were found for all BP parameters after the intervention | Medium |
| 12. Pearson et al. (2018) [28] | Patients with diabetes | Randomized controlled trial | Usual care | 67 | 31 | 36 | Mindfulness-based intervention (8 sessions, 8 weeks) | Clinic BP | Significant group differences were found for changes in SBP after the intervention | Medium |
| 13. Ponte Marquez et al. (2019) [29] | Patients with arterial hypertension | Randomized controlled trial | Health education | 42 | 24 | 18 | Mindfulness-based intervention (8 sessions, 8 weeks) | 24-hour ABP | Significant group differences were found for changes in SBP and DBP after the intervention | High |
| 14. Wright et al. (2011) [30] | African American Adolescents with hypertension | Randomized single-blind | Health education | 121 | 35 | 44 | Breathing awareness meditation, (12 sessions, 12 weeks) | 24-hour ABP | Significant group differences were found for changes in SBP after the intervention | Medium |
Design (RCT, randomized controlled trial; QE, quasi experimental design); N, total number of subjects in this study; Ni, number of subjects in the intervention group; Nc, number of subjects in the control group; BP measurement (24-h ABP, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure; Clinic BP, clinic blood pressure).