Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to the primary combined endpoint
| No event n = 119 |
Primary combined endpoint n = 91 |
Total sample n = 210 |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.9 ± 12.1 | 65.5 ± 13.3 | 64.1 ± 12.6 | 0.146 |
| Sex, male(n,%) | 84(70.6%) | 63(69.2%) | 147(70%) | 0.832 |
| Arterial hypertension(n,%) | 76(63.9%) | 60(67.4%) | 136(65.4%) | 0.594 |
| Diabetes mellitus(n,%) | 42(35.3%) | 44(49.4%) | 86(41.3%) | 0.040 |
| Dyslipidemia(n,%) | 55(46.2%) | 47(52.8%) | 102(49%) | 0.347 |
| Atrial fibrillation(n,%) | 32(26.9%) | 30(33.0%) | 62(29.5%) | 0.339 |
| Left bundle branch block(n,%) | 31(26.5%) | 18(21.2%) | 49(24.3%) | 0.384 |
| Implanted cardiodefibrillator,(n,%) | 20(17.1%) | 24(27.6%) | 44(21.6%) | 0.302 |
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy, (n,%) | 8(6.7%) | 2(2.2%) | 10(4.8%) | 0.114 |
| Previous coronary artery disease(n,%) | 25(21.0%) | 28(31.1%) | 53(25.4%) | 0.096 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 76.2 ± 16.1 | 69.2 ± 19.7 | 73.7 ± 17.9 | 0.012 |
| Stage 3–4 Renal Failure (eGFR< 50 ml/min/1.73m2) | 9(8.5%) | 13(17.1%) | 22(12.1%) | 0.079 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 138.1 ± 2.7 | 137.3 ± 4.1 | 137.7 ± 3.3 | 0.128 |
| Nt-proBNP (pg/mL) | 5888 ± 4703 | 6043 ± 5041 | 5953 ± 4821 | 0.881 |
| NYHA Functional Class | < 0.001 | |||
| I | 26(21.8%) | 7(7.7%) | 33(15.7%) | |
| II | 73(61.3%) | 44(48.4%) | 117(55.7%) | |
| III | 16(13.4%) | 31(34.1%) | 47(22.4%) | |
| IV | 4(3.4%) | 9(9.9%) | 13(6.2%) | |
| Etiology of left ventricular dysfunction (n,%) | 0.006 | |||
| Ischemic | 33 (27.7%) | 41 (46.1%) | 74(35.6%) | |
| Non-ischemic | 86 (72.3%) | 48 (53.9%) | 134(64.4%) | |
| Idiopathic | 38(31.9%) | 18(20.2%) | 56(26.9%) | |
| Tachycardiomyopathy | 18(15.1%) | 7(7.7%) | 25(11.9%) | |
| LBBB | 10(8.4%) | 6(6.7%) | 16(7.7%) | |
| Alcoholic cardiomyopathy | 8(6.7%) | 6(6.6%) | 14(6.7%) | |
| Cardiotoxicity | 5(4.2%) | 3(3.3%) | 8(3.8%) | |
| Infiltrative cardiomyopathy | 2(1.7%) | 5(5.5%) | 7(3.3%) | |
| Non-compacted cardiomyopathy | 4(3.4%) | 2(2.2%) | 6(2.9%) | |
| Myocarditis | 1(1%) | 1(1%) | 2(1%) | |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 27.9 ± 9.3 | 27.5 ± 9.9 | 27.8 ± 9.6 | 0.712 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 59.6 ± 7.6 | 58.9 ± 7.4 | 59.3 ± 7.5 | 0.632 |
| LVESD (mm) | 46.8 ± 8.9 | 48.4 ± 9.2 | 47.6 ± 9.1 | 0.292 |
| RV diameter (mm) | 23.3 ± 5.9 | 24.7 ± 8.2 | 23.9 ± 6.9 | 0.270 |
| SPAP (mmHg)a | 46.8 ± 14.7 | 49.7 ± 14.3 | 48.1 ± 14.5 | 0.244 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 17.2 ± 3.8 | 16.4 ± 5.9 | 16.9 ± 4.7 | 0.370 |
| TAPSE/SPAP ratio (mm/mmHg)a | 0.42 ± 0.19 | 0.35 ± 0.25 | 0.39 ± 0.22 | 0.129 |
| CMR | ||||
| LVEF(%) | 27.5 ± 10.4 | 25.9 ± 9.5 | 26.9 ± 10.0 | 0.265 |
| LVEDVI (mL/m2) | 123.8 ± 39.1 | 137.3 ± 47.3 | 129.7 ± 43.2 | 0.025 |
| LVESVI (mL/m2) | 91.6 ± 37.7 | 103.3 ± 46.1 | 96.7 ± 41.8 | 0.050 |
| RVEF(%) | 42.4 ± 15.5 | 44.0 ± 15.9 | 43.1 ± 15.7 | 0.450 |
| RVEDVI (mL/m2) | 76.3 ± 31.5 | 78.0 ± 33.9 | 77.1 ± 32.5 | 0.705 |
| RVESVI (mL/m2) | 45.6 ± 26.0 | 46.2 ± 30.3 | 45.9 ± 27.9 | 0.863 |
| LGE ischemic-pattern (n,%) | 27(26.5%) | 28(41.8%) | 55(32.5%) | 0.038 |
| LGE non-ischemic pattern (n,%) | 46(45.5%) | 22(33.3%) | 68(40.7%) | 0.166 |
| MvPA (cm/s) | 10.9 ± 4.2 | 8.9 ± 3.2 | 10.1 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
| PVR (WU) | 5.1 ± 2.4 | 5.8 ± 2.4 | 5.5 ± 2.4 | < 0.036 |
| RV-PA unit parameters | ||||
| Maximal PA-area (cm2) | 8.2 ± 2.4 | 9.1 ± 2.2 | 8.6 ± 2.4 | 0.013 |
| Minimal PA-area (cm2) | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 7.1 ± 1.9 | 6.6 ± 2.1 | 0.010 |
| PA pulsatility (%) | 0.35 ± 0.20 | 0.30 ± 0.14 | 0.33 ± 0.18 | 0.102 |
| RV Emax/Ea | 0.89 ± 0.60 | 0.93 ± 0.62 | 0.91 ± 0.61 | 0.622 |
| Right heart catheterisation parameters | ||||
|
No event n = 35 |
Primary combined endpoint n = 20 |
Total sample n = 55 |
p-value | |
| MPAP (mmHg) | 29.5 ± 10.7 | 34.8 ± 9.7 | 31.4 ± 10.5 | 0.077 |
| PCWP (mmHg) | 20.9 ± 8.2 | 20.6 ± 7.6 | 20.8 ± 7.8 | 0.904 |
| RA pressure (mmHg) | 11.9 ± 6.9 | 12.8 ± 5.7 | 12.3 ± 6.4 | 0.694 |
| Cardiac output(l/min) | 3.9 ± 1.5 | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 0.090 |
| PVR (WU) | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 4.6 ± 2.8 | 3.4 ± 2.4 | 0.013 |
| TPG (mmHg) | 8.6 ± 6.0 | 13.8 ± 8.6 | 10.6 ± 7.4 | 0.013 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 23.7 ± 10.0 | 28.3 ± 15.2 | 25.4 ± 12.2 | 0.206 |
| PA Compliance (mm3/mmHg) | 1.87 ± 0.91 | 1.41 ± 0.84 | 1.67 ± 0.90 | 0.099 |
a Measures available for 139 patients
CMR cardiovascular magnetic resonance. CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy. Ea effective elastance. Emax right ventricular maximal end-systolic elastance. eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate. ICD implanted cardiodefibrillator. LGE late gadolinium enhancement. LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction. LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter. LVESD left ventricular end-systolic diameter. mPAP mean pulmonary artery pressure. mvPA mean velocity at the pulmonary artery. Nt-proBNP N-terminal brain natriuretic type peptide. NYHA New York Heart Association. sPAP systolic pulmonary artery pressure. PA pulmonary artery. PCWP pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. PVR pulmonary vascular resistance. RA right atrium. RVEF right ventricular ejection fraction. TAPSE tricuspid annular plane excursion. TPG transpulmonary gradient. WU wood units