Table 1.

Detection methods of sperm DNA fragmentation with their advantages and disadvantages.

Detection methods	Advantage	Deficiency	References
Sperm Chromatin Structure Analysis (SCSA)	Large detection capacity Lower mutation rate <2% Highly comparable data Sensitivity and specificity	Indirect assessment of DNA damage Lower predictive power	[37,38,39]
Terminal Transferase-mediated dUTP end Labeling (TUNEL)	Uses flow cytometry High accuracy Low mutation rate <3.4% Direct or indirect assessment	Needs aseptic operation Microscope with low sensitivity to testing SDF	[39,40,41]
Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE)	Sensitivity and specificity Rapid and cheap Simple and repeatable	Related to detection thresholds, operating conditions	[39,42,43]
Sperm Chromatin Diffusion Experiment (SCD)	Easy to perform Cheap materials Higher accuracy	Avoids deep coloring Indirectly assesses DNA damage	[39,44,45]
DNA Flow Cytometry (FCM)	Higher sensitivity and specificity Objective and quick	Needs fresh specimens and unsecured tissue	[39,46,47]