Table 3.

Mortality Risk in Patients with PTSD and Comorbid OUD Who Receive Medication-Assisted Treatment^a

		All-cause mortality			External cause			Overdose or suicide^b
	n	Deaths	Death per 100K	HR [95% CI]	Deaths	Death per 100K	HR [95% CI]	Deaths	Death per 100K	HR [95% CI]

Adherence to MAT
Low (<30% of follow-up year)	2,615	41	1,567.9	-	21	803.1	-	17	650.1	-
High (≥30% of follow-up year)	3,286	40	1,217.3	0.73 [0.47, 1.13]	18	547.8	0.71 [0.38, 1.33]	14	426.0	0.66 [0.33, 1.35]
Exposure to high-risk MAT transition periods
Low (<20% of follow-up year)	3,818	41	1,073.9	-	18	471.5	-	12	314.3	-
High (≥20% of follow-up year)	2,083	40	1,920.3	1.77 [1.15, 2.73]	21	1,008.2	2.10 [1.12, 3.93]	19	912.1	2.83 [1.38, 5.83]
Exposure to general substance abuse treatment visits
Low (<10 days)	1,791	36	2,010.1	-	16	893.4	-	14	781.7	-
High (≥10 days)	4,110	45	1,094.9	0.55 [0.35, 0.87]	23	559.6	0.63 [0.33, 1.20]	17	413.6	0.56 [0.27, 1.14]
Exposure to general substance abuse treatment visits and methadone maintenance visits
Low (<60 days)	3,142	50	1,591.3	-	30	954.8	-	25	795.7	-
High (≥60 days)	2,759	31	1,123.6	0.65 [0.41, 1.04]	S	S	0.39 [0.18, 0.85]	S	S	0.31 [0.12, 0.77]

Note. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; K: 1,000; OUD: opioid use disorder; PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder; MAT: medication assisted treatment; S: suppressed due to small cell sizes (n < 11).

Models were adjusted for age, gender, black race, Hispanic ethnicity and marital status

Due to small cell sizes (n < 11), we are unable to show the results of overdose or suicide and overdose alone. However, the analysis of overdose alone produced very similar results to that of overdose or suicide.