Table 2.
Characteristics of Study Population, National Health and Nutrition Examination.
| Variable | Levels |
Overall (n = 17,681) |
Emphysema | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 391) | No (n = 17,290) | |||
| Vitamin K | Yes | 4,976 (32.06) 61,371,378 |
75 (18.79) 652,992 |
4,901 (32.30) 60,718,385 |
| Vitamin A | Yes | 4,232 (26.78) 51,264,497 |
75 (7.19) 624,915 |
4,157 (12.59) 50,639,582 |
| Dark-green Veg Intake | Yes | 1,942 (12.49) 23,916,374 |
27 (7.19) 250,078 |
1,915 (12.59) 23,666,296 |
| Gender | Female (1) | 8,768 (48.43) 92,724,512 |
244 (58.11) 2,019,916 |
8,524 (48.26) 90,704,595 |
| Male (2) | 8,913 (51.56) 98,707,458 |
147 (41.89) 1,456,217 |
8,766 (51.74) 97,251,242 |
|
| Race/Ethnicity | Non-hispanic white (3) | 8,097 (69.38) 132,824,555 |
286 (84.98) 2,954,148 |
7,811 (69.10) 129,870,407 |
| Non-hispanic black (4) | 3,579 (10.55) 20,197,763 |
47 191,819 (5.52) | 3,532 20,005,943 (10.64) | |
| Mexican American (1) | 2,679 (8.13) 15,569,372 |
14 (1.72) 59,681 |
2665 (8.25) 15509691 |
|
| Other hispanic (2) | 1,787 (5.30) 10,150,921 |
24 86,160 17,435 (2.48) | 1,763 (5.35) 1,006,4761 |
|
| Other race - including multi-racial (5) | 1,539 (6.63) 12,689,360 |
20 (5.30) 184,325 |
1,519 (6.65) 12,505,035 |
|
| Heavy drinking status | No (0) | 1,5019 (85.53) 163,724,962 |
246 (64.23) 2,232,619 |
14,773 (85.92) 161,492,343 |
| Yes (1) | 2,662 (14.47) 27,707,008 |
145 (35.77) 1,243,514 |
2,517 (14.08) 26,463,494 |
|
| Smoking status | Never smoked (0) | 9,668 (55.21) 105,683,001 |
27 (8.64) 300,201 |
9,641 (56.07) 105,382,800 |
| Former smoker (1) | 4,369 (25.22) 48,274,092 |
189 (50.06) 1,740,234 |
4,180 (24.76) 46,533,859 |
|
| Someday smoker (2) | 654 (3.69) 7,065,257 |
10 (3.44) 119,527 |
644 (3.70) 6,945,729 |
|
| Every day smoker (3) | 2,990 (15.89) 30,409,620 |
165 (37.86) 1,316,171 |
2,825 (15.48) 29,093,449 |
|
| Education level | Less than high school | 4,347 (15.29) 29,262,368 |
168 (34.19) 1,188,496 |
4,179 (14.94) 28,073,871 |
| High school/GED equivalent | 4,047 (22.23) 42,559,180 |
98 (26.08) 906,455 |
3,949 (22.16) 41,652,725 |
|
| Some college/AA equivalent | 5,161 (32.10) 61,442,603 |
86 (26.11) 907,731 |
5,075 (32.21) 60,534,872 |
|
| College graduate or above | 4,126 (30.39) 58,167,819 |
39 (13.62) 473,450 |
4,087 (30.70) 57,694,369 |
|
| Marital status | Married/living with partner | 10,578 (63.09) 120,766,233 |
190 (53.22) 1,849,998 |
10,388 (63.27) 118,916,235 |
| Single | 7,103 (36.91) 70,665,737 |
201 (46.78) 1,626,135 |
6,902 (36.73) 69,039,602 |
|
| Age | Mean (std. error) |
47.40 (0.29) | 47.12 (0.29) | 62.89 (0.75) |
| BMI | 29.08 (0.10) | 29.07 (0.10) | 29.88 (0.55) | |
| Cadmium | 0.47 (0.01) | 0.46 (0.01) | 0.92 (0.03) | |
| Total energy intake | 2,161.82 (9.80) | 2,164.89 (10.01) | 1,995.73 (59.43) | |
The unit of BMI, Cadmium, and Total energy intake are (kg/m2), (ug/L), and kilocalorie, respectively. For marital status single includes: Widowed/Divorced/ Separated/Never Married.The values for categorical variables are raw frequency, (percentage), and weighted frequency, respectively. Apart from Dark Green Vegetable Intake and BMI, all the other variables had P-value < 0.05 based on bivariate association for categorical variables and linear regression for continuous variables.