Table 1.

Proinflammatory Cytokines and Their Role in Heart Disease

Cytokines	Role in Heart Disease	Selected Registered Trials for COVID-19
TNF-α	•Increased in patients with heart failure •Positive correlation between TNF-α expression and the severity of heart failure, left ventricular dilation/hypertrophy, and dysfunction
IL-1β	•Elevated in patients with acute myocarditis	•NCT04330638
IL-6	•Increased in patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure •Predict the outcome of acute coronary syndrome and chronic heart failure	•NCT04321993 •NCT04317092 •NCT04330638 •NCT04329650
IL-8	•Increased in patients with acute myocardial infarction •Associated with mortality in acute coronary syndrome
IL-10	•Elevated in patients with acute myocarditis •Poor outcome in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus 2019; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.