Table 3.
Between-group effect sizes of included studies and subgroup analyses.
| Study | SMD | 95%CI | Weight of included study | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al. (2011) | 0.37 | −0.15, 0.88 | 10.09 | |
| Wang and Xu (2005) | 0.27 | −0.23, 0.77 | 10.12 | |
| Zhou et al. (2011) | 0.55 | 0.09, 1.00 | 10.29 | |
| Mao and Xiong (2007) | 0.33 | −0.23, 0.90 | 9.87 | |
| Yang et al. (2005) | 1.00 | 0.47, 1.52 | 10.05 | |
| Li and Chen (2009) | −0.24 | −0.88, 0.39 | 9.56 | |
| −1.09 | −1.75, −0.43 | 9.46 | ||
| Zhang et al. (2000) | −0.23 | −0.63, 0.17 | 10.48 | |
| −1.10 | −1.54, −0.67 | 10.36 | ||
| Li et al. (2018) | 1.79 | 1.18, 2.39 | 9.72 | |
| Overall (I2 = 90.3%, χ2 = 92.94, p <0.0001) | 0.16 | −0.36, 0.68 | 100.00 | |
| Subgroup Analyses | ||||
| Studies/Individuals, no. | SMD | 95%CI | I2, % | |
| CTCT + PMT vs. PMT alone | 5/353 | 0.37 | −0.05, 0.78 | 72.9% (χ2 = 14.79, p = 0.005) |
| Anxiety disorders | 2(4 datasets)/204 | −0.66 | −1.17,−0.15 | 74.3% (χ2 = 11.65, p = 0.009) |
| Clinical/non-clinical depression | 6/376 | 0.70 | 0.27, 1.13 | 75.2% (χ2 = 20.13, p = 0.001) |
| chronic physical diseases | 4/248 | 0.72 | 0.09, 1.35 | 82.6% (χ2 = 17.25, p = 0.001) |
| short-term treatment (<8 weeks) | 6 (8 datasets)/435 | 0.01 | −0.60, 0.61 | 90.6% (χ2 = 74.80, p < 0.0001) |
| long-term treatment (≥8 weeks) | 2/145 | 0.75 | 0.31, 1.19 | 38.2% (χ2 = 1.62, p = 0.203) |
| short-term (<6 months) efficacy | 3/169 | 0.949 | 0.125, 1.774 | 84.4% (χ2 = 12.86, p = 0.002) |
| long-term (≥6 months) efficacy | 5 (7 datasets)/411 | 0.954 | 0.502, 1.406 | 80.3% (χ2 = 30.48, p < 0.0001) |
CI, confidence interval; CTCT, Chinese Taoist cognitive therapy; PMT, pharmacological treatment; SMD, standardized mean difference.