Table 1:
Studies Including SVT Patients in Whom Near-zero- or Zero-fluoroscopy Catheter Ablation Was Performed
| Study | No. of Fluoroless Patient(s) | Arrhythmia Type(s) | Imaging Modality | Procedural Time | Fluoroscopy Time for Study Group | Follow-up Success Rate(s) | Complication Rate(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scaglione et al.7 | 44 | Concealed accessory pathway | EAM | 94.4 ± 4.4 min | 100% zero fluoroscopy | 84.1% at 16.0 ± 11.7 months | 0% |
| Walsh et al.9 | 50 | AVNRT, AFL, accessory pathway, AT, AV-node ablation | EAM | 57 min | 100% zero fluoroscopy | 98% at 4.9 months | 0% |
| Ozturk et al.11 | 9 | Mahaim pathways | EAM | 249 ± 90 min | 4.5 min, 66.7% zero fluoroscopy | 77.8% at 25 months | 0% |
| Elkiran et al.12 | 39 | AT | EAM, fluoroscopy | 184.23 ± 60.19 min | 5.53 ± 5.22 min, 64.1% zero fluoroscopy | 87.2% at 51.35 ± 12.62 months | 2.5% |
| Drago et al.22 | 21 | Right-sided accessory pathway/WPW | EAM, fluoroscopy | NA | 9.2 ± 7.7 min in 12 patients, 42.8% zero fluoroscopy | 100% at 15 ± 7 months | 0% |
| Smith et al.23 | 30 | AVNRT, AVRT | EAM, fluoroscopy | 3.27 hours | 1.05 ± 2.9 min, 80% zero fluoroscopy | 87% at 3 months | Transient AV block in 30% |
| Clark et al.24 | 10 | Left-sided accessory pathway | EAM, TEE, fluoroscopy | 266 min | 100% zero fluoroscopy | 10% at 6 months | 0% |
| Scaglione et al.25 | 21 | AVNRT | EAM, fluoroscopy | 70 ± 20 min | 45 s and 50 s, 90.4% zero fluoroscopy | 76.2% at 25 months | 0% |
| Bigelow et al.26 | 2 neonates | WPW | EAM | 112 min and 110 min | 100% zero fluoroscopy | 100% at 14 months and 7 months | 0% |
| Alvarez et al.27 | 50 | AVNRT | EAM, fluoroscopy | 152 ± 35 min | 98% zero fluoroscopy | 96% in EAM group at 6 months | 2% |
| Alvarez et al.28 | 83 | Typical AFL | EAM, fluoroscopy | 141 ± 47 min | 90.4% zero fluoroscopy | 96.25% at 18 ± 12 months | 6% |
| Sommer et al.29 | 24 | AVNRT, AVRT, WPW, AT, Typical AFL | EAM, MediGuide, fluoroscopy | 70 ± 25 min | 0.5 ± 1.5 min | 100% (acute) | 0% |
| Jan et al.30 | 43 | AVNRT, AT, AVRT, accessory pathway | EAM, ICE, fluoroscopy | 126 ± 53 min | 100% zero fluoroscopy | 90.3% at 10 ± 3 months | 0% |
| Ruiz-Granell et al.34 | 1 | AV-node ablation + pacemaker implantation | EAM | 87 min | < 1 min | 100% | 0% |
| Gist et al.36 | 62 | AVNRT | EAM | 202 ± 76 min in early vs. 160 ± 61 min in recent era | 88.7% at 12 months | Transient AV block in 44% in early vs. 38% in recent era | |
| Stec et al.37 | 188 | AVNRT, AVRT, WPW, AFL, AT, double tachycardia | EAM, fluoroscopy | 63 ± 26 min | 95.2% zero fluoroscopy | 93.5% at 8.0 ± 5.2 months | 0% |
| Fernandez-Gomez et al.38 | 328 | AVNRT, AVRT, Typical AFL, incisional AFL, AT | EAM, fluoroscopy | 110.5 ± 51.8 min | 94.7% zero fluoroscopy | 96.5% at 6 months | 0.3% |
| Ceresnak et al.39 | 651 | Accessory pathway, WPW | EAM, fluoroscopy | NA | 100% zero fluoroscopy | 95% at 1.0 ± 0.9 years | 0.3% |
| Giaccardi et al.40 | 297 | AVNRT, AFL, accessory pathway | EAM, fluoroscopy | 87 ± 57 min | 14 s ± 6 s, 86% zero fluoroscopy | 98% (acute) | 2.1% |
| Casella et al.42 | 134 | AVNRT, accessory pathway, AFL, AT | EAM, fluoroscopy | NA | 0–12 s, 72% zero fluoroscopy | 97% at 12 ± 4 months | 0% |
AF: atrial fibrillation, AFL: atrial flutter, AT: atrial tachycardia, AV: atrioventricular, AVNRT: atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, AVRT: atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, EAM: electroanatomic mapping, ICE: intracardiac echocardiography, NA: not applicable, PJRT: permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia, VPC: ventricular premature contraction, WPW: Wolf–Parkinson–White syndrome.