Table 2:

Studies Including AF Patients in Whom Near-zero- or Zero-fluoroscopy Catheter Ablation Was Performed

Study	No. of Fluoroless Patient(s)	Arrhythmia Type(s)	Imaging Modality	Procedural Time	Fluoroscopy Time for Study Group	Follow-up Success Rate(s)	Complication Rate(s)
Percell et al.9	72	AF	EAM, ICE	210.38 min	0.1 min	68% at 3 months	5%
Bulava et al.17	40	AF	EAM, ICE	92.5 ± 22.9 min	8 s, 97.5% zero fluoroscopy	85% at 12 months	0%
Yamada et al.18	15	AF	EAM, CT, MediGuide™	NA	NA	82% at 12.2 ± 4.5 months	0%
Rolf et al.46	80	AF	EAM, MediGuide™, fluoroscopy	167 ± 47 min	4.6 min	NA	4% minor
Sommer et al.47	1000	AF	EAM, MediGuide™, fluoroscopy	120 min	0.9 min	NA	2%
Reddy et al.49	20	AF	EAM, ICE, fluoroscopy	244 ± 75 min	244 ± 75 min	90% at 6.1 ± 2.2 months	0%
Lyan et al.50	245	AF	EAM, ICE, fluoroscopy	108.8 ± 18.2 min	35, 44, and 107 s, 98.8% zero fluoroscopy	73.5% at 15.2 ± 4.1 months	1.2% cardiac tamponade in the no-fluorocopy group
Ferguson et al.51	22	AF	EAM, ICE, fluoroscopy	208 min	2–16 min, 86.3% zero fluoroscopy	76% at 7 months	0%
O’Brien et al.53	69	AF	EAM, TEE, fluoroscopy	124.04 ± 45.41 min	54% (development phase) vs. 93.3% (implementation phase) zero fluoroscopy	NA	4.3%
Liu et al.54	200	AF	EAM, ICE	106.2 ± 23.2 min	100% zero fluoroscopy	76% at 11 months	1%

AF: atrial fibrillation, CT: computed tomography, EAM: electroanatomic mapping, ICE: intracardiac echocardiography, NA: not applicable, TEE: transesophageal echocardiography.