Table 5:
Studies Including SVT, AF, and VA Patients in Whom Near-zero- or Zero-fluoroscopy Catheter Ablation Was Performed
| Study | No. of Fluoroless Patient(s) | Arrhythmia Type(s) | Imaging Modality | Procedural Time | Fluoroscopy Time for Study Group | Follow-up Success Rate(s) | Complication Rate(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Razminia et al.1 | 500 | AF, AVNRT, AVRT, AT, VAs | EAM, ICE | 194.4 min for AF | 0.3 min, 99.5% zero fluoroscopy | 77.3% for AF at 21.2 months; 78.6% for VT at 16.6 months | 1% major, 0.6% minor |
| Tuzcu et al.8 | 183 | AVNRT, AVRT, AT, Junctional tachycardia, VT | EAM, fluoroscopy | 202.8 ± 83.1 min | 63% zero fluoroscopy | 90% at 44.9 ± 23.3 months | 0.7% |
| Koca et al.15 | 78 | AVNRT, accessory pathway, AT, VAs | EAM, fluoroscopy | 153.1 ± 44.3 min | 5.4 ± 3.15 min, 81.6% zero fluoroscopy | 94.9% at 43.4 weeks ± 23.3 weeks | 2.5% |
| Sanchez et al.31 | 107 | SVT, AF, AFL, VAs | EAM, ICE | 26 ± 50 min | 100% zero fluoroscopy | NA | 0% |
| Kozluk et al.32 | 45 | AVNRT, WPW, AT, VAs | EAM, fluoroscopy | 110 ± 43 min | 84% zero fluoroscopy | 89.5% | 2.2% minor |
| Kipp et al.33 | 124 | AVNRT, AVRT, AT, AFL, accessory pathways, VAs | EAM, fluoroscopy | NA | 1.21 ± 1.18 min, 76% zero fluoroscopy | 91.9% overall | 3.81% minor |
| Earley et al.35 | 94 | AVNRT, AVRT, AFL, Other (AT, VT) | EAM, fluoroscopy | 90 min | 6 min in CARTO and 4 min in NavX groups | 86% in CARTO and 87% in NavX groups at 6th week | 2% in CARTO and 2% in NavX groups |
| Giaccardi et al.41 | 266 | AVNRT, AVRT, accessory pathway, AFL, AT, VAs, AV-node ablation, AF | EAM | 75 ± 0 min to 145 ± 15 min for different arrhythmias | 100% zero fluoroscopy | 90.8% at 2.9 ± 1.6 years | 0.8% |
| Razminia et al.43 | 60 | AF, AVNRT, AVRT, AFL, AT, VAs | EAM, ICE, fluoroscopy | NA | 100% zero fluoroscopy | NA | 1.6% minor |
| Haegeli et al.52 | 34 | AF, VAs, AVNRT, Typical AFL | EAM, ICE, fluoroscopy | 130 ± 50 min for AF | 54% for AF and 62% overall zero fluoroscopy | NA | 2.9% |
| Sadek et al.55 | 80 | AF, AFL, VAs | EAM, ICE | 225 ± 32 min | 100% zero fluoroscopy | 91.2% at 18.1 ± 3.6 months | 0% |
| Wannagat et al.72 | 57 | AVNRT, AVRT, AT, AFL, VAs | EAM | 88.8 ± 31.4 min in no-TSP group, 131 ± 25.2 min in TSP group | 1.6 ± 4.2 min in no-TSP group, 3.2 ± 1.5 min in TSP group | 95.5% at 3 months in no-TSP group and 92.3% at 3 months in TSP group | 0% |
AF: atrial fibrillation, AFL: atrial flutter, AT: atrial tachycardia, AV: atrioventricular, AVNRT: atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, AVRT: atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, EAM: electroanatomic mapping, ICE: intracardiac echocardiography, NA: not applicable, PJRT: permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia, TSP: transseptal puncture, VA: ventricular arrhythmia, VT: ventricular tachycardia, VPC: ventricular premature contraction, WPW: Wolf–Parkinson–White syndrome.