Table 2. Models of reading (fluency and accuracy), spelling (accuracy), and calculation (speed and accuracy) based on general cognitive factors.
| A. Reading (fluency) | B. Reading (accuracy) | C. Spelling (accuracy) | D. Calculation (speed) | E. Calculation (accuracy) | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MODEL 2 (R2 = .195) | MODEL 4 (R2 = .165) | MODEL 6 (R2 = .065) | MODEL 8 (R2 = .128) | MODEL 10 (R2 = .128) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Un. | Com. | Tot | p | % R2 | Un. | Com. | Tot | p | % R2 | Un. | Com. | Tot | p | % R2 | Un. | Com. | Tot | p | % R2 | Un. | Com. | Tot | p | % R2 | |
| Raven | .03 | .02 | .06 | 32 | .02 | .04 | .05 | * | 27 | .04 | .01 | .06 | * | 80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | .09 | .02 | .11 | ° | 87 | ||
| Symbol Search | .07 | .02 | .09 | * | 51 | .03 | .06 | .08 | ° | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .04 | .05 | .09 | * | 69 | .01 | .01 | .02 | 18 | ||
| Backward Span | .05 | -.05 | .01 | 4 | .03 | .05 | .08 | ° | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | .03 | .04 | .07 | * | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |||
| Verbal Phonemic Fluency | .02 | .04 | .07 | * | 40 | .01 | .05 | .06 | * | 31 | .01 | .01 | .02 | 24 | .01 | .03 | .03 | 27 | 0 | .02 | .03 | 20 | |||
Unique (Un.), common (Com.) and total (Tot) contributions of general cognitive predictors of text reading fluency (MODEL 2), reading accuracy (MODEL 4), spelling accuracy (MODEL 6), calculation speed (MODEL 8) and accuracy (MODEL 10). The Raven, Symbol Search, Backward Span, and Verbal Phonemic Fluency tests were as general cognitive predictors. For each predictor, the significant p values of β (according to regression analysis) are marked, and the percentage of variance explained in the communality analysis (% R2 = Total / R2) is reported.
* p < .05;
° p < .01.