Table 3.
Associations (odds ratios and 95% CIs) of biomarker categories (diabetes-specific tertiles) with peripheral neuropathy, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) visit 6 (2016–2017).
| Cardiac markers | No diabetes |
Diagnosed diabetes |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile value | Model 1a | Model 2b | Tertile value | Model 1a | Model 2b | |
| hs-Troponin, ng/L | ||||||
| T1 | ≤ 9 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 10.0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 10.0–14.0 | 1.37 (1.06–1.77) | 1.33 (1.02–1.73) | 11.0–18.0 | 1.55 (1.08–2.23) | 1.44 (1.00–2.09) |
| T3 | ≥ 15 | 2.36 (1.81–3.09) | 2.31 (1.76–3.03) | ≥ 19.0 | 2.43 (1.65–3.58) | 2.15 (1.44–3.22) |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | ||||||
| T1 | ≤ 99.2 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 86.3 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 99.3–241.3 | 0.95 (0.75–1.22) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 86.7–254.1 | 0.84 (0.58–1.20) | 0.84 (0.58–1.21) |
| T3 | ≥ 241.7 | 1.33 (1.04–1.71) | 1.40 (1.08–1.81) | ≥ 255.9 | 1.22 (0.84–1.77) | 1.18 (0.79–1.75) |
| P for trend | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.10 | 0.20 | ||
| GDF15, pg/mL | ||||||
| T1 | ≤ 1298.0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 1665.0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 1299.0–1835.0 | 1.18 (0.92–1.51) | 1.14 (0.89–1.46) | 1666.0–2682.0 | 1.22 (0.86–1.75) | 1.18 (0.82–1.69) |
| T3 | ≥ 1836.0 | 1.33 (1.031.71) | 1.28 (0.98–1.66) | ≥ 2683.0 | 1.47 (1.03–2.11) | 1.45 (1.00–2.09) |
| P for trend | 0.034 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | ||
| Kidney markers | ||||||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dLc | ||||||
| T1 | ≤ 0.82 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 0.85 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 0.83–1.02 | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 0.82 (0.64–1.06) | 0.86–1.10 | 1.47 (1.02–2.13) | 1.44 (0.98–2.10) |
| T3 | ≥ 1.03 | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) | 0.91 (0.69–1.19) | ≥ 1.11 | 1.52 (1.04–2.24) | 1.39 (0.93–2.07) |
| P for trend | 0.89 | 0.66 | 0.06 | 0.18 | ||
| Cystatin C, mg/L | ||||||
| T1 | ≤ 1.02 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 1.09 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 1.03–1.23 | 1.19 (0.93–1.51) | 1.10 (0.86–1.41) | 1.10–1.36 | 1.08 (0.76–1.54) | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) |
| T3 | ≥ 1.24 | 1.26 (0.99–1.61) | 1.14 (0.88–1.47) | ≥ 1.37 | 1.31 (0.92–1.86) | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) |
| P for trend | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.12 | 0.54 | ||
| β-2 microglobulin, mg/L | ||||||
| T1 | ≤2.05 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 2.21 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 2.06–2.56 | 1.18 (0.93–1.50) | 1.11 (0.87–1.42) | 2.22–2.90 | 1.32 (0.92–1.87) | 1.21 (0.85–1.74) |
| T3 | ≥2.57 | 1.35 (1.05–1.73) | 1.24 (0.96–1.60) | ≥ 2.92 | 1.43 (1.00–2.06) | 1.22 (0.84–1.78) |
| P for trend | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.37 | ||
| Urine albumin:creatinine ratio, mg/g | ||||||
| T1 | ≤3.97 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 5.39 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 3.98–10.50 | 1.15 (0.91–1.47) | 1.17 (0.92–1.50) | 5.40–20.00 | 1.03 (0.72–1.46) | 0.99 (0.69–1.43) |
| T3 | ≥10.60 | 1.51 (1.19–1.92) | 1.55 (1.22–1.97) | ≥ 20.73 | 1.15 (0.81–1.64) | 1.04 (0.72–1.50) |
| P for trend | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.39 | 0.79 | ||
| Glycemic markers | ||||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dLd | ||||||
| T1 | ≤92 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 104 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 93–100 | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 0.85 (0.67–1.09) | 105–132 | 0.99 (0.70–1.42) | 0.95 (0.66–1.37) |
| T3 | ≥101 | 1.21 (0.95–1.54) | 1.12 (0.88–1.44) | ≥ 133 | 1.47 (1.03–2.09) | 1.39 (0.97–2.00) |
| P for trend | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.020 | 0.044 | ||
| Hb A1c, % | ||||||
| T1 | ≤5.5 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 6.0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 5.6–5.8 | 1.06 (0.84–1.34) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 6.1–6.9 | 1.41 (0.99–2.01) | 1.37 (0.95–1.97) |
| T3 | ≥ 5.9 | 1.24 (0.97–1.57) | 1.21 (0.95–1.55) | ≥ 7.0 | 1.84 (1.29–2.63) | 1.76 (1.22–2.54) |
| P for trend | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.001 | 0.003 | ||
| Fructosamine, umol/L | ||||||
| T1 | ≤ 230.0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 249.0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 231.0–249.0 | 1.19 (0.94–1.51) | 1.25 (0.99–1.59) | 250.0–283.0 | 1.35 (0.95–1.93) | 1.44 (1.00–2.08) |
| T3 | ≥ 250.0 | 1.05 (0.82–1.34) | 1.15 (0.89–1.47) | ≥ 284.0 | 1.62 (1.14–2.31) | 1.71 (1.19–2.46) |
| P for trend | 0.75 | 0.32 | 0.009 | 0.006 | ||
| Glycated albumin, % | ||||||
| T1 | ≤ 12.0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 14.0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 13.0–13.0 | 0.87 (0.69–1.11) | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 15.0–16.0 | 1.29 (0.89–1.86) | 1.31 (0.90–1.91) |
| T3 | ≥ 14.0 | 1.03 (0.82–1.31) | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) | ≥ 17.0 | 1.46 (1.05–2.03) | 1.45 (1.03–2.03) |
| P for trend | 0.82 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.04 | ||
| 1,5-AG, ug/mL | ||||||
| T1 | ≤ 13.8 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 9.5 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 13.9–19.5 | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 9.6–16.5 | 1.02 (0.73–1.44) | 1.02 (0.72–1.45) |
| T3 | ≥ 19.6 | 1.02 (0.80–1.29) | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | ≥ 16.6 | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) | 0.75 (0.52–1.07) |
| P for trend | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.17 | 0.13 | ||
| Inflammatory Marker | ||||||
| hs-CRP, mg/L | ||||||
| T1 | ≤0.988 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ≤ 1.194 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| T2 | 0.991–2.611 | 1.13 (0.90–1.43) | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | 1.196–3.323 | 1.17 (0.82–1.66) | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) |
| T3 | ≥ 2.613 | 1.20 (0.95–1.53) | 1.07 (0.84–1.38) | ≥ 3.338 | 1.37 (0.96–1.94) | 1.18 (0.82–1.72) |
| P for trend | 0.17 | 0.69 | 0.09 | 0.35 | ||
a
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race and center, and education.
b
Model 2: adjusted for variables in model 1 plus body mass index, smoking status, alcohol status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease.
c
To convert mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.088 for creatinine.
d
To convert mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 5.55 for glucose.