Table 2.
Mean changes by group, group differences in change, and correlations of changes in PWV and with other variables
| Mean adjusted Δ by groupa | Group difference in Δ | Correlation of Δ in PWV with Δ in risk markers |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Exercise | Unadjusted | Adjustedb | |||||
| mean [95% CI] | mean [95% CI] | ηp2 | P | r | p | r | p | |
| Δ PWV, m/sec | 0.04 [−0.18, 0.26] | −0.02 [−0.23, 0.20] | .001 | .71 | - | - | - | - |
| Δ BMI, kg/m2 | 0.8 [0.5, 1.1] | 0.4 [0.1, 0.7] | .010 | .07 | .20 | .03 | .22 | .02 |
| Δ BMI z-score | −0.04 [−0.08, 0.01] | −0.10 [−0.14, −0.05] | .009 | .09 | .14 | .11 | .15 | .10 |
| Δ Waist girth, cm | 2.0 [1.0, 3.1] | 2.1 [1.1, 3.2] | .001 | .89 | .08 | .38 | .09 | .34 |
| Δ Percent body fat | −0.8 [−1.4, −0.1] | −1.8 [−2.4, −1.1] | .013 | .04 | .17 | .05 | .18 | .047 |
| Δ Height, cm | 4.6 [4.2, 4.9] | 4.8 [4.5, 5.1] | .004 | .23 | −.09 | .35 | −.09 | .34 |
| Δ VȮ2 peak, mL/kg/min | 1.3 [0.4, 2.3] | 2.7 [1.8, 3.6] | .012 | .04 | −.16 | .09 | −.13 | .16 |
| Δ PACER laps | 0.9 [−0.2, 1.9] | 2.6 [1.6, 3.7] | .017 | .02 | −.16 | .08 | −.17 | .07 |
| Δ Moderate-vigorous physical activity (min/day) | 4.0 [−0.4, 8.4] | 2.1 [−2.3, 6.5] | .001 | .54 | −.13 | .17 | −.14 | .16 |
| Δ Energy intake kJ/day (kcal/day) | −3318 [−5238, −1397] (−793 [−1252, −334]) | −3230 [−4858, −1180] (−722 [−1161, −282]) | .000 | .81 | −.15 | .11 | −.15 | .11 |
| Δ Systolic BP, mmHg | 0.3 [−1.3, 2.0] | 0.1 [−1.5, 1.7] | .000 | .87 | .03 | .78 | .11 | .24 |
| Δ Diastolic BP, mmHg | 0.0 [−1.1, 1.2] | 1.1 [−0.1, 2.2] | .005 | .21 | .21 | .02 | .24 | <.01 |
| Δ Fasting glucose, mmol/L (mg/dL) | 0.01 [−0.09, 0.11] (0.2 [−1.6, 1.9]) | −0.01 [−0.11, 0.09] (−0.1 [−1.9, 1.7]) | .000 | .82 | .18 | .19 | .21 | .094 |
| Δ Fasting insulin, pmol/L (μU/mL) | −4.2 [−26, 17] (−0.6 [−3.7, 2.5]) | 2.8 [−19, 25] (0.4 [−2.7, 3.6]) | .001 | .63 | .29 | .01 | .32 | .01 |
| Δ HOMA2 insulin resistance | −0.0 [−0.4, 0.3] | 0.1 [−0.3, 0.4] | .000 | .78 | .29 | .01 | .32 | .01 |
| Δ Total cholesterol, mmol/L (mg/dL) | −0.21 [−0.32, −0.09] (−8.0 [−12.4, −3.6]) | −0.07 [−0.27, 0.05] (−2.7 [−7.3, 1.9]) | .010 | .10 | .20 | .09 | .19 | .11 |
| Δ LDL, mmol/L (mg/dL) | −0.13 [−0.24, −0.03] (−5.1 [−9.2, −1.0]) | −0.16 [−0.27, −0.04] (−6.0 [−10.4, −1.7]) | .000 | .75 | .08 | .51 | .06 | .61 |
| Δ HDL, mmol/L (mg/dL) | −0.3 [−0.08, 0.02] (−1.1 [−3.2, 0.9]) | 0.13 [0.07, 0.19] (5.0 [2.9, 7.2]) | .061 | <.0001 | .04 | .74 | .07 | .57 |
| Δ Triglycerides, mmol/L (mg/dL) | −0.10 [−0.21, 0.01] (−9.1 [−19, 0.7]) | −0.08 [−0.19, 0.04] (−7.0 [−17, 3.2]) | .000 | .72 | .21 | .06 | .19 | .10 |
| Δ Triglyceride/HDL ratio | −0.26 [−0.62, 0.11] | −0.32 [−0.71, 0.06] | .000 | .83 | .17 | .15 | .13 | .25 |
| Δ C-reactive protein, nmol/L (mg/L) | 0.0 [−2.9, 3.8] (0.0 [−0.3, 0.4]) | −1.9 [−5.7, 1.0] (−0.2 [−0.6, 0.1]) | .004 | .35 | .08 | .50 | .08 | .51 |
PWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; Δ, change from baseline to posttest; ηp2, partial eta squared between-groups effect size; BP, blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
a
Mean change (exercise – control group change from baseline to posttest) adjusted for cohort, race, and sex in mixed repeated-measures ANOVA. Conventional units are shown in parentheses.
b
Adjusted for sex, race, and where applicable, systolic BP.
Boldface highlights statistical significance (p<.05).