Table 1. Baseline Characteristics and Distribution of Atherosclerotic Risk Factors across Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (sdLDL-C) Quartiles.
| Quartiles of sdLDL-C, mg/dL |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≦ 24.2 | > 24.2 and ≦ 32.6 | > 32.6 and ≦ 44.2 | > 44.2 | ||
| N = 1,323 | N = 1,317 | N = 1,337 | N = 1,328 | P for trend | |
| Age, years | 63.0 ± 12.8 | 64.5 ± 11.4 | 64.5 ± 10.5 | 63.5 ± 10.1 | P = 0.865 |
| Male, % | 41 | 41 | 45 | 57 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.2 ± 3.3 | 22.8 ± 3.2 | 23.3 ± 3.3 | 24.1 ± 3.3 | P < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 79.9 ± 9.1 | 81.8 ± 8.5 | 83.6 ± 8.8 | 85.8 ± 8.4 | P < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 68.0 (53.0, 88.0) | 81.0 (64.0, 104.0) | 103.0 (88.0, 134.0) | 153.0 (111.0, 207.8) | P < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 63.9 ± 15.2 | 62.6 ± 14.4 | 58.4 ± 14.8 | 54.0 ± 12.5 | P < 0.001 |
| RLP-C, mg/dL | 3.7 (2.8, 5.4) | 4.2 (3.1, 6.2) | 5.0 (3.8, 7.6) | 7.3 (5.1, 12.3) | P < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 177.9 ± 24.2 | 201.2 ± 24.7 | 211.8 ± 28.1 | 229.5 ± 30.9 | P < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 94.5 ± 20.4 | 116.8 ± 21.0 | 127.4 ± 24.6 | 139.1 ± 29.9 | P < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 131.6 ± 20.4 | 135.0 ± 20.2 | 137.0 ± 20.5 | 139.8 ± 20.6 | P < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77.3 ± 11.3 | 79.2 ± 11.0 | 80.3 ± 11.6 | 83.0 ± 12.0 | P < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 97.5 ± 17.4 | 98.2 ± 16.2 | 101.6 ± 20.9 | 103.4 ± 21.7 | P < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.84 (0.55, 1.30) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.53) | 1.14 (0.76, 1.81) | 1.39 (0.88, 2.17) | P < 0.001 |
| Smoking | |||||
| Current, % | 12 | 11 | 14 | 16 | P = 0.001 |
| EX, % | 23 | 24 | 26 | 32 | P < 0.001 |
| Never, % | 65 | 65 | 60 | 52 | P < 0.001 |
| Obesity, %* | 17 | 20 | 26 | 34 | P < 0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome, % | 7 | 9 | 19 | 39 | P < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, %** | 11 | 9 | 11 | 12 | P = 0.038 |
| Antihyperglycemic medication use, % | 8 | 6 | 8 | 7 | P = 0.467 |
| Antidyslipidemic medication use, % | 10 | 12 | 12 | 11 | P = 0.828 |
| Past history$ | |||||
| Dyslipidemia, % | 14 | 18 | 22 | 30 | P < 0.001 |
| Stroke, % | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | P = 0.119 |
| Myocardial infarction, % | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | P = 0.031 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), %, and median (25th percentile, 75th percentile). P-values for trends across quartiles of sdLDL-C were assessed in an unadjusted model using the Jonckheere–Terpstra test and logistic regression analysis using quartiles as ordinal variables. BMI = body mass index; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RLP-C = remnant-like particle cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
*
Obesity was considered BMI ≥ 25.
**
Diabetes mellitus was fasting blood glucose . 126 mg/dL and/or currently under medication.
$
Data were obtained by questionnaire.