Table 1. Characteristics of all the study participants.
| Variable | Total participants (n = 7,750) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 45.3 ± 8.1 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 7135 (92.1) |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 3035 (39.2) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 118 ± 14 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75 ± 9 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80 ± 0.13 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 60 ± 16 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 119 ± 28 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 114 ± 75 |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 94 ± 13 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 ± 0.5 |
| Obesity-related indices | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 3.0 |
| Percent body fat (%) | 21.6 ± 5.3 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.5 ± 8.2 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 59.7 ± 37.3 |
| Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome | |
| Based on abdominal obesity, n (%) | 411 (5.3) |
| Based on visceral fat accumulation, n (%) | 277 (3.6) |
| Examination for subclinical atherosclerosis | |
| CAVI | 7.3 ± 0.8 |
| Carotid IMT (mm) | 0.55 ± 0.11 |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or as n (%).
BP, blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; IMT, intima-media thickness.
Metabolic syndrome based on abdominal obesity was diagnosed by a waist circumference ≥ 85 cm for men and ≥ 90 cm for women. Metabolic syndrome based on visceral fat accumulation was diagnosed by a visceral fat area ≥ 100 cm2 using computed tomography.