Table 3.

Studies examining the association of autoantibodies of IgG class with atopic dermatitis

References	Study design and size	Diagnostic criteria for AD	Methods	Prevalence of AR in control subjects	Prevalence of AR in patients with AD
Ambrozic et al. [35]	Case–control study 45 patients with AD 26 patients with other atopic conditions (controls) (All children. Patients with AD ranged from 2 months to 16.8 years, with a mean age of 3.7. Control subjects ranged from 2.1 to 17.8 years, with a mean age of 11.0. Insufficient data to calculate SD)	Moderately Clear ‘Sera selected from the serum banks of the Pediatrics Clinic and Department of Rheumatology (University Medical Centre, Ljubljana)’	ELISA Specific to Anti-β2GPI	38% 10/26 control patients	42% 19/45 patients with AD No significant difference
Bergman et al. [31]	Case–control study 37 Patients with Psoriasis 18 patients with AD 56 healthy controls (All adults. Patients with psoriasis ranged from 20 to 76 years, with a median age of 43.5. Patients with AD ranged from 19 to 69 years, with a median age of 30. Healthy subjects ranged from 27 to 62 years, with a median age of 45.5)	Clear Hanifin and Rajka	ELISA Against a variety of autoantigens	Mean Log2Ab Titer of autoantibody (HCs) TNF-α: 7.61 IFN-α: 7.43 CCL-5: 7.48 CCL-2: 7.84 CCL-3: 7.59 IL-17: 7.41	Mean Log2Ab Titer of autoantibody TNF-α: 7.94 IFN-α: 7.76 CCL-5: 7.47 CCL-2: 7.41 CCL-3: 8.71 (P = 0.035) IL-17: 7.59
Du Toit et al. (2006) [16]	Case–control study 33 patients with AEDS 78 patients with Chronic Urticaria (All children. Patients with AEDS ranged from 1.25 to 19 years, with a mean age of 7.6. Patients with Chronic Urticaria were age matched)	Not clear	Anti–Fcε receptor assays Specific to IgG FcεR1α autoantibodies	47% 37/78 patients with CU	0% 0/33 patients with AEDS
El-Rachkidy et al. [36]	Case–control study Patients with psoriasis (number varies based on test) 5 pooled patients with AD (Age of patients with AD not specified. Psoriasis patients ranged from 22 to 66 years).	Not clear	Immunoblotting and ELISA Specific to stratum corneum antigens	Psoriasis patients were autoreactive against stratum corneum antigens	AD patients were not autoreactive against stratum corneum antigens
Kawamoto et al. [22] (IgE and IgG)	Case–control study 40 patients with AD 26 control patients (no clinical history of allergic diseases and serum IgE within normal levels) (Patients with AD ranged from 12 to 44 years, with a mean age of 26.4. Control subjects ranged from 19 to 54 years, with a mean age of 29.2). Insufficient data to calculate SD	Clear UK Working Party’s Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis	ELISA Peptide Specific	–	No significant difference in IgG levels or number of positive samples for 5 peptides Significant difference in both IgG levels and number of positive samples for SART2161, SART2899, and ART413
Neuber et al. 32]	Case–control study 16 patients with AD 72 healthy control subjects (All adults. Patients with anti-CD28 autoantibodies had a mean age of 52.3 ± 18.8, patients without anti-CD28 autoantibodies were had a mean age of 58.7 ± 19.9)	Moderately clear Treated at the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg	ELISA Specific to Anti-CD28	11.1% 8/72 control patients	87.5% 14/16 AD patients (P < 0.0001)
Ochs et al. [33] ANA and IgG	Case–control study 64 patients with eczema 39 control patients (study also included a range of other atopic conditions) (Patients with eczema ranged from 4 to 43 years, with a mean age of 24.4. No ages provided for control subjects. Insufficient data to calculate SD)	Clear Hanifin and Rajka	Indirect immunofluorescence For ANAs Western blot Against anti-DFS70 IgG	ANA not stated WB-DFS70: 0% 0/39 healthy control subjects	ANA: 41% 26/64 patients WB-DFS70: 29.6% 19/64 patients
Szakos et al. [34] IgG and IgM (including ANA)	Case–control study 72 patients with AEDS 22 healthy control patients (All children. Patients with AEDS ranged from 2 to 17 years, with a mean age of 8 years. Control subjects ranged from 1.5 to 14 years, with a mean age of 8.6 years. Insufficient data to calculate SD)	Not Clear	Indirect immunofluorescence For ANAs ELISA Specific to APLs	9.1% 2/22 healthy control patients had non-allergen-specific IgG and/or IgM antibodies 9.1% 2/22 healthy control patients displayed ANAs	29.3% 21/72 patients had non-allergen-specific IgG and/or IgM antibodies 13.9% 10/72 AD patients displayed ANAs APL antibodies occurred significantly more often in AD patients