Table 7.

Association between markers of autoimmunity (other than autoantibodies) and atopic dermatitis

References	Study design and size	Diagnostic criteria for AD	Methods	Prevalence of AR in control subjects	Prevalence of AR in patients with AD
Heratizadeh et al. [54]	Case–control study 30 adult patients with eczema 12 healthy individuals 3 non-atopic patients with chronic plaque psoriasis (Patients with eczema ranged from 18 to 65 years. Insufficient data to calculate mean and SD. No information given about control subjects.)	Clear Hanifin and Rajka	Analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells via proliferation rate of blood-derived lymphocytes in response to α-NAC	Median: 9.3% with α-NAC, 0.8% with medium control	Median: 8.4% with α-NAC, 1.5% with medium control (both statistically significantly increased with α-NAC compared to control medium (P < 0.001), no analysis compared to control group)
Hide et al. [47] Skin Patch Test	Case–control study 66 patients with eczema 7 patients with allergic rhinitis 27 healthy control patients (Patients with AD ranged from 13 to 37 years, with a mean age of 24.7 ± 5.2 years. Patients with allergic rhinitis ranged from 20 to 35 years, with a mean age of 24.6 ± 4.8 years. Control subjects ranged from 20 to 42 years, with a mean age of 27.8 ± 6.7 years.)	Moderately clear Severity based on grading by Rajka and Langeland	Intradermal injection of autologous sweat	11.1% 3/27 control patients 71.4% 5/7 patients with allergic rhinitis	85% 56/66 eczema patients
Kapitein et al. [53]	Case–control study 28 child patients with AD (of 55) 18 healthy control children (of 30) (Patients with AD ranged from 1.5 to 17.5 years, with a mean age of 8.8 years. Healthy controls ranged from 1.2 to 17.3 years, with a mean age of 8.6 years. Insufficient data to calculate SD.)	Clear Hanifin and Rajka	Stimulation index of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to hsp60	–	‘Significantly higher’ (P = 0.004)
Lind et al. [52] IL-18 and iNKT cells	Case–control study 78 patients with eczema 45 healthy subjects (Patients with eczema ranged from 18 to 65 years, with a mean age of 29 years. Healthy controls ranged from 20 to 64 years with a mean age of 39 years. Insufficient data to calculate SD.)	Clear UK Working Party’s Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis	Plasma IL-18 levels and iNKT autoreactivity 2 part hypothesis that IL-18 can activate iNKT cells ‘independently of exogenous ligands’ and that IL-18 correlates with AE disease severity	kawamom-	Levels of IL-18 significantly higher (P = 0.003) in AE patients than healthy controls
Tanaka et al. [51] Histamine release	Case–control study 61 patients with AD 13 patients with psoriasis 46 healthy control patients (Patients with AD ranged from 2 to 43 years, with a mean age of 24.0 ± 7.5 years. Patients with psoriasis ranged from 29 to 73 years, with a mean age of 53.4 ± 17 years. Healthy controls ranged from 1 to 52 years, with a mean age of 28.4 ± 8.9 years.)	Moderately Clear Severity based on grading by Rajka and Langeland	Measurement of histamine released by basophils upon stimulation by semi-purified sweat antigen	8.7% 4/46 healthy control subjects 0% 0/13 patients with psoriasis	77% 47/61 patients with AD (P < 0.001 compared to healthy controls)