Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author/Year | Diagnosis | Study design | Department/Period | Patients with… (n) | Investigator (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dao et al.12 | CHF | Pros. | ED, Jun-Oct 1999 | Dyspnea (n = 250) | ED physician (n = ?) |
| Januzzi et al.13 | CHF | Pros. | ED, 4 month-period | Dyspnea (n = 599) | Cardiologist (n = ?) |
| Knudsen et al.14 | CHF | Pros. | ED (n = 7), Jun 1999-Dec 2000 | Acute dyspnea (n = 880) | Research assistant (n = ?) |
| Knudsen et al.15 | CHF | Pros. | ED,? | Acute dyspnea (n = 155) | ED resident/ cardiology fellow (n = ?) |
| Logeart et al.16 | CHF | Pros. | ED, Jun 1999-Jun 2001 | Acute dyspnea (n = 163) | ED physician (n = ?) |
| Morrison et al.17 | CHF | Pros. | ED, Jun 1999-Jun 2000 | Acute dyspnea (n = 321) | Research assistant (n = ?) |
| Bokhari et al.18 | HPT | Pros. | ICU, Jan 2000-Jul 2001 | Blunt trauma (n = 523), penetrating trauma (n = 153) | Trauma physician (n = ?) |
| Chen et al.20 | HPT | Retrosp. | ICU, Jan-Dec 1993 | Penetrating trauma (n = 118) | Surgeon (n = ?) |
| Chen et al.19 | HPT | Pros. | ICU, Jul 1994-Aug 1996 | Blunt trauma (n = 125), penetrating trauma (n = 23) | Surgeon (n = ?) |
| Rodriguez et al.21 | HPT | Pros. | ED (n = 2), Jan 2003-May 2004 | Blunt trauma (n = 492) | ED physician (n = ?) |
| Wormald et al.22 | HPT | Pros. | Trauma unit, 5 month-period | Chest stab wounds (n = 200) | ? |
| Badgett et al.24 | OLD | Pros. | IM,? | Self-reported diagnosis of asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD, history of smoking (n = 92) | IM physician (n = 4) |
| Badgett et al.23 | OLD | Pros. | IM,? | Self-reported diagnosis of asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD, history of smoking (n = 92) | IM physician (n = 4) |
| Garcia-Pachon et al.29 | OLD | Pros. | PC, Feb-Jun 2001 | Self-reported diagnosis of COPD, dyspnea, bronchodilator (>6 months), smoking (>20 pack-years) (n = 172) | Pulmonologist (n = 1)/ resident (n = 5) |
| Holleman et al.25 | OLD | Pros. | IM, 12 month-period | Elective surgery (n = 164) | IM physician/ anaesthesiologist (n = 2) |
| King et al.30 | OLD | Pros. | PC, Apr 1987-Mar 1988 | Clinical suspicion of asthma with (nearly) normal spirometry (n = 44) | Physician (n = 5) |
| Leuppi et al.26 | OLD | Pros. | ED, Nov-Dec 2001 | Chest problems (n = 233) | IM physician (n = 12) |
| Ma et al.31 | OLD | Retrosp. | RCC, 2004–2011 | Acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis (n = 156) | ? |
| Melbye et al.33 | OLD | Pros. | ED | ||
| Oct 1988-Jun 1989 | Respiratory tract infection (n = 398) | Physician (n = 40) | |||
| Pratter et al.32 | OLD | Pros. | PC, 18 month-period | History of wheeze (n = 34), healthy controls (n = 7) | Pulmonologist (n = 2) |
| Oshaug et al.27 | OLD | Cross-sectional | GP (n = 7), Apr 2009-Mar 2010 | Registered diagnosis of asthma (n = 210), COPD (n = 74) or both (n = 91) | GP (n = 20) |
| Straus et al.28 | OLD | Pros. | Healthcare center (n = 7), Apr 2009-Mar 2010 | Known COPD (n = 66), suspected COPD (n = 43), without COPD (n = 52) | Physician (n = ʔ) |
| Tomita et al.34 | OLD | Pros. | UHC, Jan 2008-Sep 2011 | Non-specific respiratory symptoms (n = 566) | Pulmonologist (n = ?) |
| Diehr et al.35 | PNA | Pros. | ED,? | Acute cough (n = 1819) | IM physician (n = ?) |
| Ebrahimzadeh et al.36 | PNA | Case- | |||
| control | ED, 12 month-period | Acute respiratory symptoms (n = 420) | Infectious disease specialist (n = 1) | ||
| Gennis et al.37 | PNA | Pros. | ED, Jul 1984-Feb 1985 | Suspected pneumonia (n = 308) | ED/IM resident (n = ?) |
| Flanders et al.38 | PNA | Pros. | ED, Jan-Apr 2002 | Acute cough (n = 168) | ? |
| Heckerling et al.39 | PNA | Pros. | ED (n = 3), Jul 1987-Jun 1988 | Respiratory symptoms (n = 1134) | Medical resident/ physician (n = ?) |
| Hopstaken et al.40 | PNA | Pros. | GP (n = 15), Jan 1998-Apr 1999 | Symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection (n = 246) | GP (n = 25) |
| Melbye et al.41 | PNA | Pros. | ED, Oct 1988-Jun 1989 | Symptoms of respiratory tract infection (n = 626) | GP (n = 40) |
| Minnaard et al.42 | PNA | Pros. | Multicenter (n = 16), 2007–2010 | Acute cough (n = 2840) | GP (n = 294) |
| Nakanishi et al.43 | PNA | Pros. | IM/ED, Apr 2007-Mar 2009 | Symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection (n = 406) | ? |
| Reissig et al.44 | PNA | Pros. | Multicenter (n = 14), Nov 2007-Feb 2011 | Clinical suspicion of pneumonia (n = 362) | ? |
| Song et al.45 | PNA | Case- | |||
| control | IM, Sep 2009- Feb 2010 | Respiratory symptoms (n = 81) | ? |
Abbreviations: CHF: congestive heart failure; HPT: (hemato)pneumothorax; OLD: Obstructive Lung Disease; Pneumonia: PNA; Pros.: Prospective observational; Retrosp.: Retrospective observational; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; ED: Emergency Department; GP: General Practitioner; IM: Internal Medicine; PC: Pulmonary Clinic; RCC: Respiratory and Critical Care Department; UHC: University hospital clinic; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;?: Unknown.