Table 1.
Overview of FPR1 and FPR2 ligands
| Ligand | Type/origin | Receptor | Biological effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| fMLF and other bacterial-derived formylated peptides | Formyl peptide agonist, microbe-derived | FPR1 > FPR2 | Pro-inflammatory |
| Mitochondrial formylated peptides | Formyl peptide agonist, host-derived | FPR1, FPR2 | Pro-inflammatory |
| β-amyloid | Non-formyl peptide agonist, host-derived | FPR2 | Pro-inflammatory |
| LL-37 | Non-formyl peptide agonist, host-derived | FPR2 |
Anti-microbial Pro-inflammatory |
| Recombinant SAA1, COOH-terminal SAA1 fragments | Non-formyl peptide agonist, host-derived | FPR2 | Pro-inflammatory |
| CCL23 | Non-formyl peptide agonist, host-derived | FPR2 | Pro-inflammatory |
| Humanin | Non-formyl peptide agonist, host-derived | FPR2 | Neuroprotective |
| Prion protein (PrP 106-126) | Non-formyl peptide agonist, host-derived | FPR2 | Pro-inflammatory |
| Temporin | Non-formyl peptide agonist, host-derived | FPR2 | Anti-microbial |
| Annexin A1 and NH2-terminal peptides (Ac1-26, Ac2-26, Ac9-25) | Non-formyl peptide agonist, host-derived | FPR1, FPR2 | Anti-inflammatory |
| C. difficile-derived Toxin B fragments | Non-formyl peptide agonist, microbe-derived | FPR1 | Pro-inflammatory |
| HIV gp41 AA 643-678 | Non-formyl peptide agonist, microbe-derived | FPR1 | Pro-inflammatory |
| HIV-1 gp41 AA 558-595, HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop, HIV-1 gp120 AA 414-434, HIV-1 gp41 AA 546-581 | Non-formyl peptide agonist, microbe-derived | FPR2 | Pro-inflammatory |
| Staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 13 | Non-formyl peptide agonist, microbe-derived | FPR2 | Pro-inflammatory |
| H. pylori-derived peptide (Hp 2-20) | Non-formyl peptide agonist, microbe-derived | FPR2 | Mucosal healing |
| Y. pestis | Microbe | FPR1 | Pro-inflammatory |
| Gliadin | Non-formyl peptide agonist, gluten-derived | FPR1 | Pro-inflammatory |
| Resolvin D1 | Non-formyl non-peptide agonist, host-derived | FPR2 | Anti-inflammatory |
| LXA4 | Non-formyl non-peptide agonist, host-derived (or aspirin-induced) | FPR2 | Anti-inflammatory |