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. 2020 Apr 30;10:7332. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64323-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Modulation power spectra (MPS) of bat distress vocalizations. (A, from left to right) The waveform, spectrogram, and MPS of a pure tone temporally modulated at 1.7 kHz. Note that the temporal modulation appears in the MPS as side-peaks at −1.7 and 1.7 kHz. (B,C) show the waveform, spectrogram, and MPS for an example fast and one slow amplitude modulated (AM) vocalization, respectively. Note that fast temporal modulations are visible in the modulation power spectrum of the example fast AM vocalization. (D) Average MPS for the population of fast and slow AM calls studied. (E) Cliff’s delta (d) obtained after comparing the MPS of the syllable groups. Contour lines indicate large size-effects (i.e. d > 0.478), indicating consistent MPS differences.