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. 2020 Apr 30;10:7332. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64323-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The presence of fast amplitude modulation boosts the bats’ heart rate (HR). (A) Schematic representation of electrode positioning during electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements. (B) 1s-segment of ECG recording. The position of QRS events is indicated. (C) Instantaneous HR in two recording trials in which the fast amplitude modulated (AM) FM syllable and its demodulated treatment were used as stimuli (left and right, respectively). HR-curves (solid-lines) were obtained by interpolation from the instantaneous HR data. (D) Average HR curves obtained considering all presentations of the fast-AM FM syllable (left panel) and its demodulated treatment (right panel). Shaded areas indicate the standard error of the mean. Note that stronger HR responses followed the presentation of the fast-AM FM. (E) Area under the average HR curve calculated in 12 awake bats in response to the two treatments of the FM syllable. Note that the fast-AM treatment rendered the strongest HR responses. Area values have been z-scored for illustration purposes due to the HR variability across animals (z-scoring does not affect the results of paired statistics reported). (F,G) Show similar results as those reported in (D,E), but in response to the quasiconstant-frequency/frequency-modulated (qCF-FM) syllable and its demodulated treatment. (H,I) Show the results obtained when the sinusoidally frequency modulated syllable (SFM) was used as stimulus.