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. 2020 Apr 30;10:7332. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64323-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fast amplitude modulated (AM) vocalizations trigger frequency following responses in the bat brain. (A) Average neural responses to a sequence of fast-AM FM syllables across all trials and animals (n = 11) studied. Responses are represented as voltage vs. time and in the form of neural spectrograms. (B) Same as panel A, but in response to the sequence of demodulated FMs. Note that at frequencies ~1.7 kHz, more power occurred in response to fast-AM than to demodulated FMs. (C) Difference between the neural spectrograms depicted in (A,B). (D) Voltage fluctuations obtained after averaging neural responses to each fast-AM FM (red) and each demodulated FM syllable (blue) across trials and animals. Note that responses to fast-AM FMs carried faster modulations than those obtained in response to demodulated FMs. (E) Mean power in the range from 1.6–2 kHz across animals and sequences studied. In each animal, fast AM syllables rendered higher power than their demodulated treatment.