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. 2020 Apr 30;11:2105. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15953-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Overlaid confocal microscopy images (co-registered) (n = 5) of the first layer of 3D-printed droplet networks, which had a hexagonal packing fraction of 0.50 ± 0.07 (θ_DIB = 36.3°, φ_SIL = 0.55, x_POPC = 0.13). b Heatmaps of the 2D localisation of different types of packing in the first layer generated by analysing the images in a. The relative occurrence of each packing type (yellow, red, cyan and blue represent hexagonal, square, amorphous and no packing, respectively) is binned onto an idealised printing map of the first layer (see “Methods”). c A diagram of the droplet printing path in the first layer (yellow arrows), with droplet shapes corresponding to the number of neighbouring droplets. The star indicates the first droplet in the printing path to become surrounded by six neighbouring droplets. d Overlaid confocal microscopy images of horizontal cross-sections of the first (magenta), second (yellow) and third (cyan) layers of a single 3D-printed droplet network (φ_SIL = 0.55, x_POPC = 0.13). The zoomed-in panel shows that layers 1 and 3 are in alignment, while layer 2 is offset by a distance equal to the circumradius of the unit hexagon (marked by the white arrow). The circle marks a face-centred cubic defect. e A diagram of hexagonal close packing corresponding to d. f Overlaid confocal microscopy images of the first (magenta), second (yellow) and third (cyan) layers of a single 3D-printed droplet network derived from a patch of square packing in the first layer (φ_SIL = 0.50, x_POPC = 0.27). Similarly to d, the overlay shows that layer 2 is offset with respect to layers 1 and 3. g, A diagram of body-centred cubic (bcc) packing corresponding to f. h Overlaid confocal microscopy images of the first (magenta), second (yellow), and third (cyan) layers of a single 3D-printed droplet network derived from an amorphous patch in the first layer (φ_SIL = 0.65, x_POPC = 0.33). No regular lattice is formed between the layers. Scale bars are 100 µm for a; and 50 µm for d, f, and h. d, f and h are from three different droplet networks.