Table 2.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique coupled with hollow fiber based extraction techniques for pharmaceutical drugs.

Analyte	Preconcentration/Separation method	Membrane / SLM composition	Real applications	LODa	EF/PFb	LRc	Instrumental tec.	Ref.
Atenolol, betaxolol, propranolol	Microfluidic EME	NPOE + DEHP + TEHP	Urine, plasma	4–10 μg/L	—	10–850 μg/L	HPLC-UV	[66]
Amoxicillin, nicotinic acid, hippuric acid, salicylic acid, anthranilic acid, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen	EME	Chitosan membrane = 60% chitosan + 40% Aliquat®336 / 1-octanol	Urine	—	—	—	HPLC-DAD	[67]
Epinephrine, norepinephrine dopamine	Complexation mediate-EME, EME	TFPBA + DEHPi	Urine	1.8–5 μg/L	2.2–6	—	HPLC-UV-MS	[68]
Tetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline	HF-DLLME	Aliquat-336 + 1-octanol	Milk	0.95–3.6 μg/L	—	—	HPLC-UV	[69]
2-methyl hippuric acid, 3- methyl hippuric acid, 4- methyl hippuric acid	HFLPME	1-octanol	Urine	2–3 μg/L	210–312	10–50,000 μg/L	HPLC-UV	[70]
Hippuric acid, mandelic acid	HF-LPME	1-octanol + TBP	Urine	0.007–0.009 μg/mL	172–195	0.02–20 mg/L	HPLC-UV	[71]
54 care products + pharmaceutical drugs	HFLSPME	1-octanol + toluene	Fish, water	0.31–1.61 μg/kg	0.11–12.83	—	HPLC-MS	[72]
Pramipexole	EME	RGO + NPOE	Water and urine samples	0.04 and 0.14 ng/mL	301 and 265	0.13–1000 ng/mL	HPLC-UV	[73]
Haloperidol, loperamide, methadone, nortriptyline, pethidine	EME	NPOE, TBP	—	—	—	—	HPLC-UV	[74]
Codeine, naloxone, naltrexone	PEME	DEHP + NPOE	Plasma, urine	2–10 μg/L	—	10.–500 μg/L	HPLC-UV	[75]
Rivastigmine, verapamil, amlodipine, morphine	EME	Agarose gel as SLM	Wastewater	1.5–1.8 ng/mL	—	5–1000 ng/mL	HPLC-UV	[76]
Nicotinic acid, amoxicillin, hippuric acid, salicylic acid	EME	Acrylic nanofibers membrane /Aliquat®336 + 1-octanol	Urine samples	112–402.3 μg/L	—	173.3–4000 μg/L	HPLC-DAD	[77]
Ephedrine, clonidine	On chip-EME	DEHP + NPOE	Urine, plasma	<11 μg/L	12–19	10–500 μg/L	HPLC-UV	[78]
Imipramine, amitriptyline, chlorpromazine	μEME	Agarose film as membrane / 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate	River and tap water	0.1–0.4 μg/L	110–150	1.0–1000 μg/L	HPLC-UV	[79]
Ibuprofen, sodium diclofenac	EME	C60 fullerene + 1-octanol	Urine	9–10 ng/mL	166–188	15–500 ng/mL	HPLC-UV	[80]
Ketoprofen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid	EME	Agarose film / 1-octanol	River and tap water	0.14–0.42	62–86	0.5–500	HPLC-UV	[81]
Verapamil, Haloperidol, rivastigmine, clomipramine	CF-EME	2-ethylhexanol	Wastewater and urine samples	2.4 ng/mL	>44	8.0–500 ng/mL	HPLC-UV	[82]
Various drugs and other contaminants	HFLPME	1-octanol	Water samples	1.09–98.15 ng/L	6–4177	—	UPLC-MS	[83]
Ketoprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac	HFLPME	DHE	Urine	1.6–4.3 μg/L	43.2–96.8	5–500 μg/L	HPLC-DAD	[84]
Propranolol, carvedilol, verapamil, amlodipine	HFLPME	Choline chloride + 1-phenylethanol	Urine, plasma, pharmaceutical wastewater	0.3–0.8 ng/mL	110–135	0.8–500 ng/mL	HPLC-UV	[85]
Salicylic acid, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, anthranilic acid, nicotinic acid, amoxicillin, hippuric acid	EME	PIM = 29% CTA + 71% Aliquat®336 / 1-octanol	Urine samples	18–100 μg/L	—	61–500 μg/L	HPLC-DAD	[86]
Pseudoephedrine, lidocaine, propranolol	EME	Polyacrylamide gel as membrane	Breast milk, wastewater	0.3–6.0 ng/mL	23.1–29.5	1–200 ng/mL	HPLC-UV	[87]
Zolpidem	EME	2-ethylhexanol	Plasma, urine	3 ng/mL	75	10–1000 ng/mL	HPLC-UV	[88]
Indoprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen	EME	1-octanol	Urine	0.20–0.27 μg/mL	—	0.68–8.4 μg/mL	HPLC-UV	[89]
Valproic acid	EME	1-octanol	Plasma	0.5 μg/mL	>125	0.5–10 μg/mL	HPLC-UV	[90]
Amlodipine, verapamil, clomipramine	EME	2-ethylhexanol	Wastewater, plasma, urine	3.3–5 μg/L	98.89–130.3	10–2000 μg/L	HPLC-UV	[91]
Metaraminol, benzamidine, sotalol, ephedrine, trimethoprim, pethidine hydrochloride, quetiapine, haloperidol, nortriptyline hydrochloride, methadone hydrochloride, loperamide hydrochloride	EME	Phthalate- and nitrile-based organic solvents	Plasma	—	—	—	HPLC-UV	[92]
Five fluoroquinolones and four parabens	μEME / LPME	1-octanol	Urine	16–75 μg/L	—	0.25-10 and 0.06–5 μg/mL respectively	HPLC-UV	[93]
Diclofenac	HFLPME	1-octanol	Urine and plasma	2.8 ng/mL	170	50–2000 ng/mL	HPLC-UV	[94]
Exemestane, letrozole, paclitaxel	HFLPME	n-dodecane + TOPO	Urine	0.3–0.6 μg/L	152–411	0.9–200 μg/L	HPLC-UV	[95]
Omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole	HFLPME	1-octanol	Plasma	0.2 μg/mL	1.5–13	0.2–2.0 μg/mL	HPLC-DAD	[96]
Phenazopyridine	HFSLPME	1-octanol	Urine	0.02 μg/L	—	0.01–10 μg/L	HPLC-DAD	[97]
Different sulfonamides	HFPLME	1-octanol	Environmental water	3.1–11.2 ng/L	14–60	0.05–5 μg/L	UHPLC-FLD	[98]
Thiabendazole	HFM-MI-MSPE	—	Orange or lemon peel samples	0.004 mg/kg	—	0.02–2 mg/L	HPLC-DAD	[99]
Leuprolide, triptorelin	EME	1-octanol + 2-ethyl hexanol + DEHP	Rabbit plasma	0.15 ng/mL	—	0.5–1000 ng/mL	HPLC-PAD	[100]
Salicylic acid, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, ibuprofen	EME	1-octanol	Urine	0.1–1.5 ng/mL	85–133	0.5–750 ng/mL	HPLC-DAD/FLD	[101]
Naproxen, verapamil	EME	1-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol	Lemon juice, soft drinks	—	—	—	HPLC-UV	[102]
Verapamil, riluzole	EME	Mixture of 2-ethyl hexanol and 1-otanol	Urine, wastewater	1.5–2.5 ng/mL	123.6–146.6	1.5–500 ng/mL	HPLC-UV	[103]
Barbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital	FMLPME	2-nonanone	Blood, urine, liver	0.6–10 ng/g	—	5–2500 ng/g	HPLC-MS	[104]
Ciprofloxacin	On chip PEME	1-octanol	Blood	1 μg/L	88	2–500 μg/L	HPLC-UV	[105]
Nalmefene, diclofenac	On chip-EME	NPOE + DEHP and 1-octanol	Urine	3–4 μg/L	17–19	9.0–500 μg/L	HPLC-UV	[106]
Ezetimibe, simvastatin	CA–HF–SLPME	Cetyl alcohol + 1-octanol	Plasma, urine	0.363–0.49 μg/L	—	0.3363–25 μg/L	HPLC-DAD	[107]
Fosdanofloxacin, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin	MIP-HFME	Toluene	Environmental water, urine	0.1–10 μg/L	—	—	HPLC-MS	[108]
Raloxifene, ethinylestradiol	HFLPME	1-octanol + CTAB	Pharmaceutical waste water	5–10 μg/L	53–86	20–5000 μg/L	HPLC-UV	[109]

HFDLLME: Hollow fiber dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, HFLSPME: Hollow fiber liquid solid phase microextraction, PEME: Pulsed electromembrane extraction, CF-EME: Continuous-flow electromembrane extraction, LPME: Liquid phase microextraction, HFM-MI-MSPE: Hollow fiber membrane-molecular imprinted-micro solid phase microextraction, FMLPE: Flat membrane based liquid phase microextraction, CA–HF–SLPME: Cetyl-alcohol-reinforced hollow fiber solid/ liquid phase microextraction, MIP-HFME: Molecular imprinted polymer hollow fiber microextraction, DEHPi: Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite, TFPBA: 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid, RGO: Reduced graphene oxide, TBP: Tributyl phosphate, DHE: Dihexyl ether, PIM: Polymer inclusion membrane, TOPO: Trioctylphosphine oxide HPLC-UV: High performance liquid chromatography with UV detector, HPLC-MS: High performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, HPLC-DAD-FLD: High performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector and fluorescence detector, HPLC-UV-MS: High performance liquid chromatography with UV detector and mass spectrometry, UHPLC-MS: Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, HPLC-DAD: High performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector, Fluorometer/RGB/ HPLC-UV: Fluorometer/ Red Green Blue analysis/ High performance liquid chromatography with UV detector.

^aLimit of detection.

^bEnrichment factor/Pre-concentration factor.

^cLinear range.