Table 3.

Gas chromatography, Capillary electrophoresis and Voltammetric techniques coupled with Hollow fiber based extraction techniques for determination of pharmaceutical drugs.

Instrumental technique	Drug	Preconcentration/Separation method	SLM +/Carrier/FLM/Membrane	Real applications	LODa	EF/PF/EFb	LRc	Instrumental technique mode	Ref.
Gas chromatography	Cyproheptadine, ketotifen	EM-SPME	NPOE	Water, urine, plasma	01–1.1 ng/mL	—	0.3–200 and 0.5–750 ng/mL	GC-FID	[110]
	Trimipramine, clomipramine	G-EME/DLLME	Agarose gel	Urine	1.0–3.0 ng/L	260–370	3.5–1000 ng/mL	GC-FID	[111]
	Clomipramine, imipramine	EME-EALLME	2-ethylhexanol	Urine, wastewater	0.15 ng/mL	770.3	0.5–750 ng/mL	GC-FID	[112]
Capillary electrophoresis	Nort [112]riptyline, papaverine, haloperidol	μEME	ENB	Urine, plasma	≤0.15 mg/L	—	1–20 mg/L	CE-UV	[113]
	Nortriptyline, haloperidol, loperamide, ketoprofen, naproxen	EME	ENB	Urine	0.075–1.5 μg/mL	—	1–40 μg/mL	CE-DAD	[114]
	Imatinibmesylate	EME	NPOE + MWCNT/ZnO coated by 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid	Plasma	6.24 ng/mL	78	25–1500 ng/mL	CE-UV	[115]
	Nortriptyline, papaverine	μEME	4-nitrocumene	Urine	≤0.15 μg/mL	—	0.5–10 μg/mL	CE-UV	[116]
	Amitriptyline, haloperidol, bupivacaine, propranolol	Pa-EME	NPOE	Plasma	—	—	—	CE-UV	[117]
	Methadone, methamphetamine, tramadol	EME	NPOE + MIL-110(Cr)	Urine, plasma	0.30–0.91 μg/L	132–190	1–1000 μg/L	CE-UV	[118]
	Tramadol, pseudoephedrine	EME	NPOE + span 80	Urine	2.10–4.50 μg/L	160–188	5–2000 μg/L	CE-UV	[119]
	Capecitabine, 5-Fluorouracil	HF-SLPME	1-octanol	Plasma	6.4–9.3 ng/mL	—	25–1000 ng/mL	CE-UV	[120]
	Tranylcypromine	S/EME	NPOE	Urine, water	3.03–6.06 ng/mL	166–203	10–1000 ng/mL	CE-UV	[121]
	Ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac	μEME	1-octanol	Urine, serum, wastewater	4–20 ng/mL	18–29.1	50–2500 ng/mL	CE-UV	[122]
	Nortriptyline, papaverine, haloperidol and loperamide	SLM extraction	ENB	Urine, plasma	0.02–0.15 μg/mL	—	0.5–30 μg/mL	CE-UV	[123]
	Ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, ketoprofen, salicylic acid	On chip-EME	Undecanol + NPOE	Urine	0.07–5 μg/mL	—	—	CE/HPLC-DA	[124]
Voltammetry	Amlodipine	EME	NPOE	Whole blood	0.05 ng/mL	61	0.1–10 and 10–1000 ng/mL	FFSSWV	[125]
	Diclofenec	EME	1-octanol	Whole blood	1 ng/mL	—	5–1000 ng/mL	SFFTCCV	[126]
	Imatinib	HFSPME	—	Serum, urine	7.39× 10−3 μmol/L	—	0.010–200 μmol/L	DPV	[127]
	Estradiol valerate	EME	1-octanol	Whole blood	0.01 ng/mL	2	0.1–1300 and 1300–10,000 ng/mL	FFTSWV	[128]
	Propylthiouracil	EME	Nitrobenzene + CuNPs	Urine	0.02 μg/mL	200	0.5–5 μg/mL	DPV	[129]
	Imipramine	EME	NPOE	Urine, whole blood	0.001–0.01 ng/mL	35–54	0.02–1000 and 0.2–1000 ng/mL	FFTSWV	[130]
	Vanillylmandelic acid	HFLPME	Butyl benzoate	Urine	0.5 μmol/L	—	0.5–100 μmol/L	DPV	[131]

EME-EALLME: Electromembrane extraction and electro-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction, EM-SPME: Electromembrane surrounded solid phase microextraction, G-EME/DLLME: Gel-electromembrane exraction / dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, Pa-EME: Parallel electromembrane extraction, ENB: 1-ethyl-2-nitrobenzene, MWCNTs: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, MIL-110(Cr): Chromium terephthalate metal-organic framework, Span-80: Mono-(9Z)-9-octadecenoate, CuNPs: Copper nanoparticles, GC-FID: Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector,CE-UV: Capillary electrophoresis with UV detector, CE-DAD: Capillary electrophoresis with diode array detector, FFSSWV: Fast Fourier transform stripping square wave voltammetry, SFFTCCV: Stripping fast Fourier transform continuous cyclic voltammetry, DPV: Differential pulse voltammetry, FFTSWV: Fast Fourier transform square wave voltammetry.

^aLimit of detection.

^bEnrichment factor.

^cLinear range.