Table 2.
Emerging high-risk MM factors.
| Type | Factors | Year | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytogenetic | t(14;16) (q32;q23); t(14;20) (q32;q23); Del(17p) | 2016 | Rajkumar (32) |
| Cytogenetic | FISH: t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), del(17/17p), gain(1q); Non-hyperdiploid karyotype; Karyotype del(13); high-risk GEP70 signature | 2016 | Sonneveld et al. (33) |
| Cytogenetic | Primary translocations: t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20) Secondary translocations: MYC, jumping translocation 1q Copy change number: Isochromosome formation, hyperhaploidy, gain(1q), del(1p), del(17p) Homozygous inactivation of TSGs: Mutation +/- copy number change Genetic changes associated with DNA repair deficiency: genome-wide loss of heterozygosity | 2017 | Pawlyn and Morgan (34) |
| Epigenetic | Epigenetic modifier mutations; histone methylation and acetylation; DNA methylation, measured via mutations in DNA methylation modifiers, e.g., IDH1; microRNA | 2017 | Pawlyn and Morgan (34) |
| Bone Lesions | Presence of 3 large focal lesions, with a product of the perpendicular diameters > 5 cm2 | 2018 | Rasche et al. (35) |
IDH1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1; EZH2, enhancer-of-zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; GEP70, 70-gene expression profiling; MM, multiple myeloma; TSG, tumor suppressor gene.