Table 1.
Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
| Discovery Set | Training Set | Validation Set | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHB | LC | HCC | P Value | CHB | CHC | LC | HCC | P Value | CHB | CHC | LC | HCC | P Value | |
| (n = 50) | (n = 50) | (n = 50) | (n = 188) | (n = 36) | (n = 192) | (n = 297) | (n = 36) | (n = 3) | (n = 139) | (n = 127) | ||||
| Age (years) | 45.3 ± 8.0 | 54.2 ± 6.4 | 53.8 ± 8.8 | <0.001 | 48.7 ± 10.4 | 56.3 ± 10.5 | 57.2 ± 8.5 | 58.5 ± 9.4 | <0.001 | 45.8 ± 12.3 | 63.3 ± 4.5 | 56.4 ± 7.8 | 58.2 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.878 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
| Female | 15 (30.0%) | 15 (30.0%) | 13 (26.0%) | 49 (26.2%) | 25 (69.4%) | 82 (42.5%) | 64 (21.5%) | 8 (22.2%) | 3 (100.0%) | 62 (44.6%) | 20 (15.7%) | |||
| Male | 35 (70.0%) | 35 (70.0%) | 37 (74.0%) | 138 (73.8%) | 11 (30.6%) | 111 (57.5%) | 233 (78.5%) | 28 (77.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 77 (55.4%) | 107 (84.3%) | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 2.3 | 23.9 ± 2.5 | 25.2 ± 2.8 | 0.029 | 24.6 ± 3.2 | 24.0 ± 2.6 | 24.4 ± 3.2 | 24.5 ± 2.9 | 0.700 | 24.0 ± 1.5 | 24.3 ± 2.5 | 24.3 ± 3.3 | 25.5 ± 3.6 | 0.030 |
| AFP (ng/mL), median [IQR] | 2.8 [2.2‐4.3] | 4.8 [3.2‐9.1] | 29.2 [6.6‐306.8] | <0.001 | 2.7 [1.8‐3.8] | 3.5 [2.3‐5.3] | 2.6 [1.9‐4.0] | 10.1 [3.7‐62.3] | <0.001 | 2.2 [1.6‐3.6] | 4.0 [3.1‐5.0] | 2.8 [1.8‐4.3] | 6.7 [3.2‐24.6] | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 29.2 ± 12.9 | 34.3 ± 16.4 | 33.8 ± 13.7 | 0.187 | 40.9 ± 89.9 | 57.5 ± 48.9 | 34.8 ± 71.5 | 96.0 ± 124.6 | <0.001 | 34.0 ± 25.3 | 20.3 ± 7.4 | 29.2 ± 23.3 | 101.4 ± 118.2 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.092 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 0.001 |
| Platelet (×103/μL) | 176.1 ± 49.3 | 108.1 ± 39.9 | 139.9 ± 50.1 | <0.001 | 206.0 ± 51.7 | 169.9 ± 56.0 | 97.1 ± 50.9 | 149.6 ± 63.0 | <0.001 | 177.1 ± 47.1 | 139.0 ± 78.6 | 97.8 ± 53.2 | 162.3 ± 65.8 | <0.001 |
| Prothrombin time (INR) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 4.6 | <0.001 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Etiology, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| HBV | 50 (100%) | 50 (100%) | 50 (100%) | 1.000 | 182 (96.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 125 (65.1%) | 220 (74.1%) | <0.001 | 35 (97.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 103 (74.1%) | 90 (70.9%) | <0.001 |
| HCV | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 29 (80.6%) | 9 (4.7%) | 22 (7.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (66.7%) | 5 (3.6%) | 10 (7.9%) | |||
| Others | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (3.2%) | 7 (19.4%) | 58 (30.2%) | 55 (18.5%) | 1 (2.8%) | 1 (33.3%) | 31 (22.3%) | 27 (21.3%) | |||
| Child‐Pugh score, n (%) | 0.029 | <0.001 | 0.004 | |||||||||||
| 5 | 47 (94.0%) | 38 (76.0%) | 47 (94.0%) | 178 (96.7%) | 35 (97.2%) | 148 (76.7%) | 190 (64.0%) | 36 (100.0%) | 3 (100.0%) | 97 (69.8%) | 83 (65.4%) | |||
| 6 | 3 (6.0%) | 10 (20.0%) | 2 (4.0%) | 5 (2.7%) | 1 (2.8%) | 27 (14.0%) | 79 (26.6%) | 19 (13.7%) | 33 (26.0%) | |||||
| 7 | 2 (4.0%) | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 10 (5.2%) | 23 (7.7%) | 12 (8.6%) | 8 (6.3%) | |||||||
| 8 | 8 (4.1%) | 1 (0.3%) | 7 (5.0%) | 1 (0.8%) | ||||||||||
| 9 | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (1.3%) | 4 (2.9%) | 2 (1.6%) | ||||||||||
| Tumor size (cm) | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 2.4 | 3.0 ± 2.3 | |||||||||||
| BCLC stage, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| 0 | 14 (28.0%) | 89 (30.0%) | 35 (27.6%) | |||||||||||
| A | 36 (72.0%) | 189 (63.6%) | 83 (65.4%) | |||||||||||
| B | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (6.4%) | 9 (7.1%) | |||||||||||
| Tumor number, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| 1 | 45 (90.0%) | 265 (89.2%) | 113 (89.0%) | |||||||||||
| 2 | 5 (10.0%) | 21 (7.1%) | 8 (6.3%) | |||||||||||
| ≥ 3 | 11 (3.7%) | 6 (4.7%) | ||||||||||||
Data are presented as mean ± SD (AFP: median [IQR]). P value for sex, etiology, and Child‐Pugh score were calculated by chi‐squared test. P values for others were calculated by analysis of variance. P values less than 0.001 are shown as “<0.001.”
Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; INR, international normalized ratio; IQR, interquartile ratio.