Table 3.

The average changes of potential biomarkers (VIP >1) in the urine.

Metabolite	Control	Model	HQT
m-Methylhippuric acid	96.02 ± 14.06	171.94 ± 87.40∗↑	131.78 ± 65.45↓
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid	1.64 ± 0.36	3.30 ± 2.18∗↑	1.51 ± 0.67#↓
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid	3.49 ± 0.58	4.48 ± 0.91∗↑	4.33 ± 0.74↓
Ethanolamine	1.51 ± 0.39	2.03 ± 0.52∗↑	1.60 ± 0.29#↓
Adipic acid	2.56 ± 0.23	2.92 ± 0.39∗↑	4.83 ± 1.91
L-isoleucine	9.30 ± 1.92	11.27 ± 1.75∗↑	11.79 ± 0.31
Pyroglutamic acid	5.20 ± 1.43	7.98 ± 2.68∗↑	7.34 ± 2.28↓
L-histidine	0.16 ± 0.05	0.25 ± 0.07∗∗↑	0.16 ± 0.10#↓
4-Hydroxyproline	0.68 ± 0.11	0.96 ± 0.25∗∗↑	1.38 ± 0.33
Sarcosine	0.32 ± 0.04	0.20 ± 0.07∗∗↓	0.52 ± 0.16##↑
3-Methylhistidine	0.75 ± 0.11	1.01 ± 0.30∗↑	1.57 ± 0.54
Gamma-aminobutyric acid	33.97 ± 6.74	46.78 ± 12.31∗↑	32.65 ± 14.94#↓
Linoleic acid	5.57 ± 1.26	4.45 ± 0.42∗↓	6.54 ± 2.66#↑
L-valine	40.17 ± 11.32	82.31 ± 42.31∗↑	73.53 ± 28.53↓
Creatine	7.04 ± 1.94	5.06 ± 0.99∗↓	6.05 ± 0.98#↑
Cholesterol sulfate	0.15 ± 0.02	0.24 ± 0.07∗∗↑	0.22 ± 0.09↓
Arachidonic acid	0.57 ± 0.17	0.39 ± 0.24∗↓	0.60 ± 0.18#↑
L-tyrosine	0.69 ± 0.12	0.41 ± 0.17∗∗↓	0.68 ± 0.25#↑
Palmitoleic acid	5.35 ± 0.82	4.47 ± 0.78∗↓	6.36 ± 2.23#↑
Alpha-linolenic acid	5.80 ± 1.05	4.64 ± 0.55∗↓	6.54 ± 2.66↑
Oleic acid	6.87 ± 1.68	5.06 ± 1.24∗↓	6.73 ± 1.99#↑
Biotin	1.44 ± 0.05	1.85 ± 0.13∗∗↑	2.27 ± 1.01
L-proline	0.14 ± 0.04	0.25 ± 0.03∗∗↑	0.35 ± 0.02
L-leucine	0.56 ± 0.07	0.71 ± 0.12∗∗↑	0.65 ± 0.21↓
Glycine	3.67 ± 0.34	5.83 ± 2.97∗↑	4.38 ± 2.45↓
D-glucose	3.87 ± 1.02	7.77 ± 7.72∗↑	6.28 ± 2.30↓
L-serine	11.85 ± 4.54	6.21 ± 2.04∗∗↓	9.01 ± 5.01↑
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid	23.13 ± 1.82	33.91 ± 6.71∗∗↑	31.50 ± 4.56↓

^∗ P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01 vs normal control; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 vs model group. Arrows indicate upregulated (↑) or downregulated (↓) metabolites in the model group compared with the control group and HQT group compared with model group.