Table 5.

Fed-batch fermentation strategies on D(-) lactic acid production.

	Batch culture	Pulse fed-batch I	Pulse fed-batch II	Multipulse fed-batch	Constant feed rate fed-batch
Fermentation time (h)	33	48	54	48	30
D(-) lactic acid (g/L)	121.08	138.84	139.42	161.93	118.79
Productivity (g/L·h)	3.36	2.89	2.58	3.37	3.96
Yield Yp/s (g/g)	0.61	0.78	0.55	0.81	0.61
Residual sucrose (g/L)	0	0	7.97	0	31.63
Cell growth (g/L)	22.55	26.57	25.80	29.42	27.07
Final broth volume (ml)	400	520	480	580	550

Pulse fed-batch I started with 95 g/L of initial molasses sugar; pulse fed-batch II started with 150 g/L of initial molasses sugar.