Table 4.

Social return on investment (SROI) of public health interventions: Adulthood (main employment and reproductive years)

Reference	Public health topic	Country	Population	Aim of Intervention	Crude SROI ratio for assessed time horizon	Quality score
Forth Sector Development 2007 [49]	Mental well-being	Scotland	Individuals with mental health problems who have recently become unemployed	To support people with mental health problems after they have become unemployed to improve their overall health and well-being.	£1.57/£1 invested	8
Goodspeed 2009 [50]	Mental well-being	England	Individuals with mental health problems	To successfully develop and train people with mental health problems in a genuine business environment to encourage independence and self-esteem through work.	£3.09/£1 invested	9
Leck 2012 [51]	Mental well-being	England	Aged between 14 and 65 with varying levels of learning difficulties/disabilities, mental health issues and acquired brain injuries, and young people who are struggling in mainstream education	To provide therapy, education, training, work and friendship for people with a wide range of individual needs	£3.77/£1 invested	9
New Economics Foundation 2017 [52]	Mental well-being	England	Adults with multiple long term health conditions, low-level emotional health concerns, or lifestyles of social issues	To provide support for adults with multiple long-term health conditions, low-level emotional health concerns, or lifestyle or social issues	£7/£1 invested	0
Gingerbread and New Economics Foundation 2013 [53]	General health and well-being	Wales	Single parent families	To provide opportunities for single parent families to get together, meet new people and share experiences.	£4.27/£1 invested	9
Hoggett et al 2014 [54]	General health and well-being	England	Troubled families	To seek new ways of working with troubled families - changing trajectories for families and changing the ways services are delivered to them.	£0.66/£1 invested	6
Lukoseviciute 2010 [55]	Smoking	Netherlands	Individuals aged 20–65+ years	To encourage individuals to quit smoking through a smoking cessation programme	€2.2/€1 invested	4
Inge 2012 [56]	Employment	England and Wales	Disadvantaged young people (particularly those who have been homeless)	Ready for Work is a Business in the Community (BITC) programme that engages business to support disadvantaged groups, particularly people who have experienced homelessness, into employment.	£3.12/£1 invested	10
Bradly, Butler and Leathem 2013 [57]	Substance misuse	England	Adults recovering from drug misuse	To promote recovery and community integration for people who have experienced problematic drug and alcohol use -aftercare.	£4.02/£1 invested	9