. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr. 2018 Dec 13;206:91–98.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.059

Table 3.

Changes in study outcome variables using intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis

	Study Group, Mean ± SE			Pairwise Significance ^†
	Aerobic Exercise (n=38)	Resistance Exercise (n=40)	Combined Exercise (n=40)	Aerobic vs. Resistance	Aerobic vs. Combined	Resistance vs. Combined
Weight, kg	−4.0 ± 0.5 ^*	−1.1 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.5	NS	P<0.05	NS
BMI, kg/m²	−1.4 ± 0.1 ^*	−0.4 ± 0.1	−0.4 ± 0.1	NS	NS	NS
BMI percentile	−1.0 ± 0.1 ^*	−0.6 ± 0.1 ^*	−0.7 ± 0.1 ^*	NS	NS	NS
Waist circumference, cm	−3.2 ± 0.2 ^*	−1.6 ± 0.2	−1.6 ± 0.2	NS	NS	NS
DXA
Total fat, %	−2.3 ± 0.2 ^*	−2.0 ± 0.19^*	−1.7 ± 0.2 ^*	NS	NS	NS
Total fat, kg	−3.7 ± 0.3 ^*	−2.1 ± 0.3	−0.9 ± 0.3	NS	P<0.05	NS
Fat free mass, kg	−0.1 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	2.2 ± 0.3 ^*	NS	P<0.05	NS
Liver fat, %	−0.61 ± 0.03^*	−0.27 ± 0.03	−0.62 ± 0.03 ^*	NS	NS	NS
Skeletal muscle
composition
IMAT, cm²	−10.7 ± 0.2 ^*	−8.5 ± 0.2 ^*	−7.2 ± 0.2 ^*	NS	NS	NS
Thigh subcutaneous fat, cm²	−40.5 ± 3.2 ^*	−15.7 ± 3.2	−8.4 ± 3.4	NS	P<0.05	NS
Muscle attenuation, HU	1.19 ± 0.03 ^*	1.07 ± 0.03^*	0.64 ± 0.03^*	NS	NS	NS
Fitness
CRF, ml/kg/min	5.5 ± 0.2 ^*	2.1 ± 0.2 ^*	5.4 ± 0.2 ^*	P<0.05	NS	P<0.05
1-RM chest press, kg	6.8 ± 0.4 ^*	26.7 ± 0.4 ^*	18.8 ± 0.4 ^*	P<0.05	P<0.05	P<0.05
1-RM leg press, kg	20.0 ± 0.4 ^*	32.5 ± 0.4 ^*	31.6 ± 0.4 ^*	NS	NS	NS
Muscular strength index	0.35 ± 0.01 ^*	0.73 ± 0.01^*	0.57 ± 0.01 ^*	P<0.05	P<0.05	NS
Metabolic profiles
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	−0.5 ± 0.2	−1.6 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	NS	NS	NS
2-hr glucose, mg/dL	−8.2 ± 0.5 ^*	−12.8 ± 0.5 ^*	−10.4 ± 0.5 ^*	NS	NS	NS
R_d, mg/kg/min	1.7 ± 0.1 ^*	0.7 ± 0.1 ^*	1.2 ± 0.1 ^*	P<0.05	NS	NS
R_d, mg/kg•FFM/min	2.2 ± 0.1 ^*	0.8 ± 0.1	1.5 ± 0.1 ^*	P<0.05	NS	NS
Energy intake, kcal/d	133 ± 16	−288 ± 16 ^*	−206± 18 ^*	P<0.05	P<0.05	NS

Values are expressed as predicted means and standard errors (SE) of differences in pre-intervention versus post-intervention values adjusting for age and sex. The missing data in the 6-month outcomes were imputed using conditional mean method on the treatment status, baseline age and sex.

DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; IMAT, inter-muscular adipose tissue;

R_d, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal.

Significant pre-intervention versus post-intervention differences within group, P<0.05.

^†

Pairwise comparisons of changes in outcome variables using General Linear Regression models adjusted for age and sex. NS, not significant P>0.05.