Table 1.

The chronology of the major discoveries related to the pathogenesis and treatment of cholera

Year	Discovery	Investigator	Paradigm shift	Clinical Translation
Antiquity	First descriptions of cholera
1817	First global cholera pandemic
1849	Transmission of cholera by contaminated water	John Snow	Development of epidemiologic methodology	Epidemiologic research
1854	Discovery of cholera microor-ganisms	Filippo Pacini	Bacterial basis of epidemic diarrhea	Prevention of waterborne infectious diseases
1832	Intravenous hydration for severe cholera	Thomas Lata and others	Use of intravenous fluids for cholera treatment	Development of saline-based solutions for intravascular volume resuscitation
1886	Isolation and culture of Vibrio cholerce	Robert Kocha	Proving causality of infectious agents in disease	Foundations for the field of infectious diseases
1959	Discovery of cholera exotoxin	S. N. De	Luminal action of cholera toxin, discovery of enterotoxins	GC-C receptor ligands for functional bowel diseases and constipation
1960	Discovery of Na+:glucose cotransport	Robert Crane	Discovery of ion cotransport as a mechanism of active transport	SGLT2 inhibitors, targeting drug uptake
1968	Development of ORS	David R. Nalin and others	The efficacy of oral hydration for massive fluid losses	ORS and for epidemic diarrhea and Pedialyte® for pediatric diarrhea
1971	Induction of adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin	Michael Field and others	The discovery of the mechanism of toxin-induced fluid secretion	GC-C receptor ligands for functional bowel diseases and constipation

^aRecipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905 for studies related to M. tuberculosis