Table 2.
Experimental studies of G. vaginalis infection in rodent models.
| References | Host species | Bacterial Strain(s) | Culture Media | Culture Condition | Culture time (h) | Dose | Route | N |
n colonized by G.v. |
Positive for features/ complications of BV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Field et al., 1993 | New Zealand & Calif. White Rabbits (pregnant) |
G.v. ATCC 14018 | V-selective agar | Increased CO2 | 48–72 | 2 × 104- 2 × 106 |
Uterine (transvag/ cervical cannula) | 17 | N/A | 17/17 G.v. deciduitis; 15/17 G.v. intraamniotic infection; 10/17 severe neuronal injury (0 in controls); 2/17 had preterm labor; infected group had lower weight & high fetal mortality |
| McDuffie et al., 2002 | New Zealand White Rabbits (pregnant) |
G.v. NR | NR | NR | NR | 107 | 16 | 11/16 | G.v intraamniotic (9/16), uterine (11/16), blood (7/16), fetal brain (10/16), fetal heart (6/16), and fetal lung (8/16) infection. | |
| Gilbert et al., 2013 | C57BL/6 (inbred) mice |
G.v. JCP8151B | NYC III | Anaerobic chamber | NR (16–18) | 5 × 107 | Intravaginal (pipette) |
39 | 36/39 | Sialidase activity; epithelial exfoliation; clue-like cells, mucus degradation, uterine infection; absence of histologic inflammatory response |
| Hymes et al., 2013 | C57BL/6 (inbred) mice |
G.v. ARG37 (mouse-passaged ATCC14018) | NR | 5% CO2 | NR | 5 × 106 | Intravaginal (5% gelatin) |
10 | 10/10 | DNase treatment reduced G.v. titers >10-fold |
| Sierra et al., 2018 | CD-1(outbred) mice (pregnant) |
G.v. ATCC14019 | Tryptic Soy Broth + 5% Horse Serum | 5% CO2 | NR | 2.5 × 107
−2.5 × 109 (twice) |
Intravaginal (pipette) |
50-60 | NR | G.v. detected in cervicovaginal fluid; increased cervical pro-inflammatory cytokines; increased IL-6 in amniotic fluid, cervical remodeling but no increase in preterm birth |
| Gilbert et al., 2019 | C57BL/6 (inbred) mice |
G.v. JCP8151B; P. bivia ATCC2903 |
NYC III (G.v.) CDC Anaerobe media + 10% laked sheep's blood (P.b.) | Anaerobic chamber | NR (16-18) |
G.v. 8 × 107 P. bivia 1-2 × 107 |
Inravaginal (pipette) |
31 | 23/31 (24hr) | Sialidase activity; epithelial exfoliation; increased vaginal P. bivia titers in presence of G.v.; increased uterine infection by P. bivia in presence of G.v; absence of inflammatory response |
| Gilbert et al., 2017 | C57BL/6 (inbred) mice |
G.v. JCP8151B; E. coli UTI89 |
NYC III (G.v.) | Anaerobic chamber | 18 | G.v. ~108 (twice) E. coli 107 | Transurethral (catheter) |
46 | N/A | G.v. exposure triggered exfoliation of urothelial cells; emergence of E. coli reservoirs; G.v. kidney infection, kidney inflammation, more severe E. coli kidney infections |
| Trinh et al., 2011 | ICR (outbred) mice |
KCTC5096 | BHI broth + yeast extract, maltose, glucose, 10% horse serum or general anaerobic medium | Sealed anaerobic jar | “Up to 36 hours” | 1.2 × 105 | Intravaginal | 6 | NR | Increased vaginal TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Decreased IL-10. Increased iNOS, COX-2, and myeloperoxidase acitivity. Histological vaginal inflammation |
| Joo et al., 2011 | 48 h | 1 × 106 | Increased vaginal TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17a, COX-2, iNOS, and myeloperoxidase. Decreased IL-10. Histological vaginal inflammation | |||||||
| Jang et al., 2017 | ||||||||||
| Kim et al., 2019 | C57BL/6 (inbred) mice |
NR | General anaerobic medium | NR | 7 | Increased TNF-α and myeloperoxidase in vagina and uterus. Decreased IL-10 in uterus |