Table III.

Predictors of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing organism (KPCO) infection vs colonization including multiple species

Variable	Colonized (N=253)		Infected (N=94)		Univariate			Multi-variate (all variables)			Final multi-variate model
	N/median	%/IQR	N/median	%/IQR	Odds ratio	95% CI	P-value	Odds ratio	95% CI	P-value	Odds ratio	95% CI	P-value
Congestive heart failure	49	19%	11	12%	0.55	(0.29–1.07)	0.08	0.74	(0.30–1.84)	0.52
Chronic lung disease	53	21%	11	12%	0.50	(0.25–0.99)	0.05	0.69	(0.28–1.72)	0.42
Chronic kidney disease	64	25%	31	33%	1.45	(0.89–2.38)	0.14	2.06	(0.79–5.34)	0.14
Metastatic malignancy	6	2%	7	7%	3.31	(1.29–8.48)	0.01	5.75	(0.85–38.95)	0.07	4.26	(1.27–14.25)	0.02
Diabetes with complication	35	14%	10	11%	0.74	(0.37–1.48)	0.39	0.98	(0.27–3.54)	0.98
Solid organ transplant	19	8%	15	16%	2.34	(1.15–4.74)	0.02	3.23	(0.94–11.12)	0.06
Female	119	47%	46	49%	1.08	(0.68–1.72)	0.75	1.47	(0.76–2.83)	0.25	1.60	(0.96–2.69)	0.07
Species, vs Klebsiella pneumoniae (reference)a
Klebsiella pneumoniae	68	27%	25	27%	1.00			1.00
Aeromonas spp.	11	4%	7	7%	1.73	(0.61–4.90)	0.30	1.37	(0.46–4.03)	0.57
Citrobacter freundii	43	17%	10	11%	0.63	(0.28–1.44)	0.28	0.58	(0.20–1.70)	0.32
Klebsiella aerogenes	3	1%	4	4%	3.63	(0.74–17.72)	0.11	3.78	(0.58–24.52)	0.16
Enterobacter cloacae complex	53	21%	23	24%	1.18	(0.61–2.30)	0.63	1.62	(0.73–3.58)	0.23
Escherichia coli	11	4%	3	3%	0.74	(0.19–2.87)	0.67	0.63	(0.12–3.30)	0.59
Klebsiella oxytoca	14	6%	5	5%	0.97	(0.31–3.03)	0.96	1.13	(0.23–5.65)	0.88
Serratia marcescens	50	20%	17	18%	0.92	(0.45–1.90)	0.83	0.45	(0.17–1.18)	0.10
Charlson score	2	0–4	2	0–4	1.03	(0.96–1.12)	0.40	0.97	(0.78–1.20)	0.76
Age	58	49–68	58.5	45–68	0.99	(0.98–1.01)	0.40	0.99	(0.97–1.01)	0.40
Acute inpatient days	20	11–33	28	14–46	1.02	(1.01–1.03)	<0.001	1.02	(0.99–1.05)	0.20	1.02	(1.00–1.04)	0.04
LTACH inpatient days	0	0–0	0	0–0	0.99	(0.97–1.01)	0.34	1.00	(0.97–1.04)	0.82
Any aminoglycoside	21	8%	13	14%	1.77	(0.94–3.35)	0.08	2.13	(0.52–8.69)	0.29
Aminoglycoside days	0	0–0	0	0–0	1.24	(0.97–1.59)	0.08	0.65	(0.24–1.74)	0.39
Any antifungal	103	41%	49	52%	1.59	(1.00–2.53)	0.05	0.82	(0.29–2.34)	0.71
Antifungal days	0	0–7	2	0–17	1.03	(1.01–1.05)	0.003	1.00	(0.94–1.06)	0.97
Any beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor	131	52%	50	53%	1.06	(0.66–1.69)	0.81	0.92	(0.43–1.97)	0.83
Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor days	1	0–7	1	0–6	0.99	(0.95–1.02)	0.46	0.94	(0.88–1.01)	0.08	0.94	(0.90–0.98)	0.004
Any carbapenem	56	22%	32	34%	1.82	(1.09–3.01)	0.02	1.10	(0.33–3.64)	0.87
Carbapenem days	0	0–0	0	0–7	1.09	(1.04–1.14)	<0.001	1.03	(0.90–1.17)	0.69
Any complex wound care	120	47%	55	59%	1.56	(0.98–2.50)	0.06	1.11	(0.52–2.38)	0.78
Complex wound care days	0	0–2	1	0–3	1.15	(1.03–1.29)	0.02	1.16	(0.90–1.48)	0.25
Any complex abdominal pathology	29	11%	26	28%	2.95	(1.68–5.18)	<0.001	2.19	(0.91–5.24)	0.08	2.51	(1.26–4.99)	0.009
Any complex thoracic pathology	41	16%	19	20%	1.31	(0.72–2.38)	0.38	0.52	(0.16–1.66)	0.27
Complex thoracic pathology days	0	0–0	0	0–0	1.24	(0.84–1.85)	0.28	1.53	(0.30–7.73)	0.60
Any dialysis	83	33%	52	55%	2.54	(1.59–4.05)	<0.001	2.97	(1.16–7.58)	0.02	2.77	(1.37–5.60)	0.004
Dialysis days	0	0–3	1	0–4	1.02	(0.99–1.06)	0.14	0.91	(0.85–0.98)	0.007	0.94	(0.90–0.98)	0.003
Any endoscopy	68	27%	31	33%	1.34	(0.82–2.19)	0.24	0.53	(0.23–1.22)	0.14
Endoscopy events	0	0–1	0	0–1	1.26	(0.99–1.60)	0.06	1.50	(0.78–2.86)	0.22
Any extended-spectrum cephalosporin	141	56%	63	67%	1.61	(0.99–2.63)	0.05	1.02	(0.48–2.18)	0.95
Extended-spectrum cephalosporin days	1	0–7	3	0–17	1.04	(1.01–1.07)	0.003	1.00	(0.94–1.07)	0.98
Any fluroquinolone	64	25%	39	41%	2.09	(1.29–3.41)	0.003	1.13	(0.53–2.42)	0.76
Fluoroquinolone days	0	0–1	0	0–3	1.10	(1.03–1.17)	0.002	1.02	(0.90–1.14)	0.77
Any enteral feeding	156	62%	64	68%	1.33	(0.82–2.15)	0.25	1.02	(0.43–2.46)	0.96
Enteral feeding days	3	0–15	5	0–22	1.01	(1.00–1.03)	0.19	0.97	(0.94–1.01)	0.12
Any urinary catheter	58	23%	24	26%	1.15	(0.67–1.98)	0.61	1.85	(0.90–3.83)	0.10
Urinary catheter days	0	0–0	0	0–1	0.99	(0.75–1.32)	0.96	0.67	(0.27–1.68)	0.39
Any central vascular access	174	69%	76	81%	1.92	(1.09–3.38)	0.02	1.17	(0.49–2.81)	0.73
Central vascular access events	1	0–3	2	1–4	1.19	(1.09–1.30)	<0.001	0.99	(0.80–1.22)	0.92
Any mechanical ventilation	160	63%	69	73%	1.60	(0.96–2.67)	0.07	1.44	(0.59–3.56)	0.42
Mechanical ventilation days	3	0–13	10	0–24	1.03	(1.01–1.04)	0.001	1.02	(0.98–1.06)	0.42
Any transfusion	184	73%	71	76%	1.16	(0.68–1.98)	0.59	0.29	(0.13–0.64)	0.002	0.41	(0.20–0.80)	0.004
Transfusion events	2	0–5	4.5	1–13	1.09	(1.05–1.13)	<0.001	1.09	(0.99–1.21)	0.07	1.09	(1.02–1.16)	0.003

LTACH, long-term acute care hospital; CI, confidence interval.

Note: excluding isolates from other species, patients with human immunodeficiency virus and renal transplant patients as these predicted infection/colonization perfectly.

^aSome patients may have more than one isolate across species. The breakdown of isolates which caused an infection. Species which did not cause an infection were excluded as they perfectly predicted colonization alone.