TABLE 1.
Demographics of Study Population
| Overall (N = 21 069) | NH White (n = 9910) | NH African American (n = 5416) | Hispanic (n = 3981) | Other (n = 1762) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age categories, n (%) | |||||
| 0 – <2 y | 746 (3.5) | 352 (3.6) | 149 (2.8) | 160 (4.0) | 85 (4.8) |
| 2 – <5 y | 2338 (11.1) | 1068 (10.8) | 493 (9.1) | 534 (13.4) | 243 (13.8) |
| 5 – <10 y | 7433 (35.3) | 3455 (34.9) | 1721 (31.8) | 1587 (39.9) | 670 (38.0) |
| 10 – <18 y | 10 552 (50.1) | 5036 (50.8) | 3053 (56.4) | 1700 (42.7) | 764 (43.4) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 13 050 (61.9) | 5931 (59.8) | 3543 (65.4) | 2525 (63.4) | 1051 (59.6) |
| Insurance status | |||||
| Private, n (%) | 9688 (46.0) | 7060 (71.2) | 1160 (21.4) | 638 (16.0) | 830 (47.1) |
| Government | 9990 (47.4) | 2494 (25.2) | 3720 (68.7) | 2965 (74.5) | 811 (46.0) |
| Self-pay | 857 (4.1) | 272 (2.7) | 253 (4.7) | 255 (6.4) | 77 (4.4) |
| Other or unknown | 534 (2.5) | 84 (0.8) | 283 (5.2) | 123 (3.1) | 44 (2.5) |
| ESI, n (%) | |||||
| ESI 2 | 4295 (20.4) | 2718 (27.4) | 694 (12.8) | 539 (13.5) | 344 (19.5) |
| ESI 3 | 9747 (46.3) | 4607 (46.5) | 2392 (44.2) | 1855 (46.6) | 893 (50.7) |
| ESI 4 | 7027 (33.4) | 2585 (26.1) | 2330 (43.0) | 1587 (39.9) | 525 (29.8) |
| Procedural sedation, n (%) | 4729 (22.4) | 2573 (26.0) | 1066 (19.7) | 675 (17.0) | 415 (23.6) |
| Injury location, n (%) | |||||
| Lower extremity only | 4777 (22.7) | 2052 (20.7) | 1558 (28.8) | 785 (19.7) | 382 (21.7) |
| Upper extremity only | 14 267 (67.7) | 6962 (70.2) | 3223 (59.5) | 2840 (71.3) | 1242 (70.5) |
| Multiple locations | 1129 (5.4) | 594 (6.0) | 272 (5.0) | 193 (4.8) | 70 (4.0) |
| Unknown | 896 (4.3) | 302 (3.0) | 363 (6.7) | 163 (4.1) | 68 (3.9) |
| Visit year, n (%) | |||||
| July 2014–June 2015 | 6524 (31.0) | 3014 (30.4) | 1726 (31.9) | 1255 (31.5) | 529 (30.0) |
| July 2015–June 2016 | 7127 (33.8) | 3348 (33.8) | 1850 (34.2) | 1325 (33.3) | 604 (34.3) |
| July 2016–June 2017 | 7418 (35.2) | 3548 (35.8) | 1840 (34.0) | 1401 (35.2) | 629 (35.7) |
| ED disposition, n (%) | |||||
| Admission, observation, or transfer | 4244 (20.1) | 2487 (25.1) | 793 (14.6) | 556 (14.0) | 408 (23.2) |
| Discharge | 16 825 (79.9) | 7423 (74.9) | 4623 (85.4) | 3425 (86.0) | 1354 (76.8) |
| ED site, n (%) | |||||
| A | 2194 (10.4) | 1478 (14.9) | 8 (0.1) | 529 (13.3) | 179 (10.2) |
| B | 1985 (9.4) | 1546 (15.6) | 146 (2.7) | 127 (3.2) | 166 (9.4) |
| C | 4390 (20.8) | 2058 (20.8) | 1595 (29.4) | 302 (7.6) | 435 (24.7) |
| D | 3871 (18.4) | 2569 (25.9) | 893 (16.5) | 133 (3.3) | 276 (15.7) |
| E | 4203 (19.9) | 1529 (15.4) | 408 (7.5) | 1875 (47.1) | 391 (22.2) |
| F | 3701 (17.6) | 724 (7.3) | 1678 (31.0) | 990 (24.9) | 309 (17.5) |
| G | 725 (3.4) | 6 (0.1) | 688 (12.7) | 25 (0.6) | 6 (0.3) |
| ED type, n (%) | |||||
| Primary | 16 165 (76.7) | 6880 (69.4) | 4574 (84.5) | 3300 (82.9) | 1411 (80.1) |
| Satellite | 4904 (23.3) | 3030 (30.6) | 842 (15.5) | 681 (17.1) | 351 (19.9) |
| Provider type, n (%) | |||||
| Attending | 13 442 (63.8) | 6449 (65.1) | 3556 (65.7) | 2337 (58.7) | 1100 (62.4) |
| Fellow | 767 (3.6) | 135 (1.4) | 383 (7.1) | 191 (4.8) | 58 (3.3) |
| Resident | 269 (1.3) | 45 (0.5) | 147 (2.7) | 54 (1.4) | 23 (1.3) |
| NP or PA | 2255 (10.7) | 1004 (10.1) | 340 (6.3) | 709 (17.8) | 202 (11.5) |
| Multiple attending | 4336 (20.6) | 2277 (23.0) | 990 (18.3) | 690 (17.3) | 379 (21.5) |
| Initial pain score, median (IQR) | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 6.0 (4.0–8.0) | 7.0 (5.0–9.0) | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 6.0 (4.0–8.0) |
| Initial pain score categories, n (%) | |||||
| No pain | 850 (4.0) | 397 (4.0) | 212 (3.9) | 155 (3.9) | 86 (4.9) |
| Mild pain, 1–3 | 1013 (4.8) | 567 (5.7) | 205 (3.8) | 141 (3.5) | 100 (5.7) |
| Moderate pain, 4–6 | 9286 (44.1) | 4797 (48.4) | 1935 (35.7) | 1741 (43.7) | 813 (46.1) |
| Severe pain, 7–10 | 9920 (47.1) | 4149 (41.9) | 3064 (56.6) | 1944 (48.8) | 763 (43.3) |
| Highest pain score, median (IQR) | 7.0 (5.0–9.0) | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 8.0 (6.0–10.0) | 7.0 (5.0–9.0) | 7.0 (5.0–8.0) |
| Highest pain score, n (%) | |||||
| Moderate pain, 4–6 | 9705 (46.1) | 5007 (50.5) | 2033 (37.5) | 1789 (44.9) | 876 (49.7) |
| Severe pain, 7–10 | 11 364 (53.9) | 4903 (49.5) | 3383 (62.5) | 2192 (55.1) | 886 (50.3) |
| Lowest pain score after highest pain score, median (IQR) | 2.0 (0.0–5.0) | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) | 2.0 (0.0–5.0) | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) | 2.0 (0.0–5.0) |
| Lowest pain score after highest pain score, n (%) | |||||
| No pain | 2934 (13.9) | 1648 (16.6) | 689 (12.7) | 352 (8.8) | 245 (13.9) |
| Mild pain, 1–3 | 2376 (11.3) | 1486 (15.0) | 459 (8.5) | 267 (6.7) | 164 (9.3) |
| Moderate pain, 4–6 | 2414 (11.5) | 1326 (13.4) | 579 (10.7) | 310 (7.8) | 199 (11.3) |
| Severe pain, 7–10 | 809 (3.8) | 396 (4.0) | 269 (5.0) | 87 (2.2) | 57 (3.2) |
| Not documented | 12 536 (59.5) | 5054 (51.0) | 3420 (63.1) | 2965 (74.5) | 1097 (62.3) |
IQR, interquartile range.