TABLE 2.
Management of Pain by Race and Ethnicity
| Race and Ethnicity | Process Measures | Clinical Outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Analgesic | Opioid Analgesic | ≥2-Point Pain Reduction | Optimal Pain Reductiona | |||||
| % | aORb (95% CI) | % | aORb (95% CI) | % | aORb (95% CI) | % | aORb (95% CI) | |
| NH white | 84.6 | Referent | 53.2 | Referent | 88.4 | Referent | 64.8 | Referent |
| NH African American | 89.7 | 1.72 (1.51–1.95) | 39.5 | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) | 90.3 | 1.42 (1.14–1.76) | 57.2 | 0.78 (0.67–0.90) |
| Hispanic | 86.3 | 1.32 (1.16–1.51) | 36.4 | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) | 92.0 | 1.38 (1.04–1.83) | 60.4 | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) |
| Other | 85.2 | 1.06 (0.95–1.29) | 46.5 | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 89.5 | 1.09 (0.82–1.43) | 62.2 | 084 (0.70–1.01) |
a
Optimal pain reduction is defined as reduction of pain into the mild or no pain categories within 90 min of maximum pain score.
b
Adjusted for age, sex, insurance status, triage level, procedural sedation, fracture location, visit year, visit site, ED type, ED clinician, and provider type.