Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study sample.
| Variable | Statistic | |
|---|---|---|
| Study group (n=35) | Control group (n=35) | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Female | 19 (54.3) | 21 (60.0) |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 59.2 (11.0) | 58.3 (12.0) |
| Cause of admission, n (%) | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 8 (22.9) | 7 (20.0) |
| Acute exacerbation of COPD | 7 (20.0) | 5 (14.3) |
| Hypertensive urgency | 7 (20.0) | 8 (22.9) |
| Congestive heart failure | 5 (14.3) | 4 (11.4) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (8.6) | 5 (14.3) |
| Others | 5 (14.3) | 6 (17.1) |
| Number of comorbidities, n (%) | ||
| 0 | 1 (2.9) | 4 (11.4) |
| 1 | 13 (37.1) | 12 (34.3) |
| 2 | 19 (54.3) | 17 (48.6) |
| 3 | 2 (5.7) | 2 (5.7) |
| Education level, n (%) | ||
| Primary School or lower | 21 (60.0) | 21 (60.0) |
| Secondary School or higher | 14 (40.0) | 14 (40.0) |
| Number of Drug items before admission, mean (SD), [median, range] | 4.9 (2.0), [5, 2-11] | 4.66 (2.2), [4, 1-10] |
| Visual capability, n (%) | ||
| Normal | 27 (77.1) | 29 (82.9) |
| Myopia or Presbyopia | 8 (22.9) | 6 (17.1) |
| Hearing capability, n (%) | ||
| Normal | 33 (94.3) | 34 (97.1) |
| Poor | 2 (5.7) | 1 (2.9) |
| Language, n (%) | ||
| Thai | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0) |
| Malay | 19 (54.3) | 13 (37.1) |
| Thai and Malay | 15 (42.9) | 22 (62.9) |
| Caregiver, n (%) | ||
| Self-care | 32 (91.4) | 26 (74.3) |
| Spouse | 1 (2.9) | 3 (8.6) |
| Daughters or sons | 2 (5.7) | 6 (17.1) |
| Medication knowledge before admission, mean (SD) | 6.4 (1.2) | 6.6 (0.7) |
| Length of hospital stay (days), mean (SD), [median, range] | 3.0 (2.5), [2, 1-14] | 3.2 (2.4), [2, 1-10] |
Abbreviations: SD=Standard Deviation