Table 1. Characteristics of the study sample and unadjusted analysis of covariates according to depressive symptom tertile.
| Depressive symptoms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total(n=1,469) | 1st tertile(n=507) | 2nd tertile(n=512) | 3rd tertile(n=450) | p-value* | |
| MetS component | |||||
| High fasting plasma glucose | 49.1 | 48.9 | 51.3 | 46.8 | 0.387 |
| High blood pressure | 38.5 | 39.9 | 37.7 | 37.8 | 0.719 |
| Low HDL | 45.1 | 41.0 | 44.4 | 50.5 | 0.015 |
| High triglycerides | 39.2 | 34.1 | 37.3 | 47.0 | < 0.0001 |
| High waist circumference | 48.8 | 40.4 | 52.6 | 53.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Sociodemographic | |||||
| Female | 61.1 | 47.9 | 66.3 | 69.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 69.3 (7.4) | 68.3 (6.7) | 69.1 (7.2) | 69.6 (7.5) | < 0.018 |
| Schooling 0-3 years | 64.1 | 56.5 | 65.7 | 70.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Monthly family income, minimum wages | |||||
| < 2.00 | 29.3 | 21.3 | 30.9 | 36.4 | |
| 2.00-3.99 | 37.9 | 35.2 | 39.2 | 39.4 | |
| 4.00-9.99 | 24.5 | 32.2 | 22.4 | 18.4 | |
| > 9.99 | 8.3 | 11.3 | 7.5 | 5.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Current smoking | 18.3 | 20.0 | 16.9 | 17.9 | 0.424 |
| Alcohol consumption† | 18.4 | 25.8 | 15.8 | 13.0 | < 0.0001 |
| No exercise | 86.8 | 83.3 | 86.6 | 90.8 | 0.002 |
| Cognitive functioning‡ | 19.6 | 13.8 | 17.7 | 28.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Biological variables | |||||
| Trypanosoma cruzi infection | 37.5 | 29.9 | 37.7 | 46.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Stroke | 3.4 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 6.2 | < 0.0001 |
| CRP, median (IQR) | 3.2 (1.4-6.7) | 2.9 (1.3-5.9) | 3.4 (1.6-7.0) | 3.5 (1.5-6.8) | 0.030 |
| BNP, median (IQR) | 81.0 (43.0-149.0) | 73.0 (39.0-144.0) | 74.5 (42.0-132.0) | 93.0 (50.0-180.0) | 0.0005 |
| Urea, median (IQR) | 35.4 (29.3-42.7) | 35.9 (29.3-42.9) | 35.0 (29.3-42.6) | 35.6 (29.6-42.0) | 0.623 |
| Creatinine, median (IQR) | 0.85 (0.75-0.99) | 0.87 (0.76-1.0) | 0.84 (0.75-0.97) | 0.84 (0.74-0.96) | 0.043 |
| Current psychoactive drug use | 21.7 | 12.6 | 22.3 | 31.0 | < 0.0001 |
Data presented as %, unless otherwise stated. Values for depressive symptoms and age are expressed as mean (SD).
BNP = brain natriuretic peptide; CRP = C-reactive protein; IQR = interquartile range (25th and 75th percentile); MetS = metabolic syndrome; SD = standard deviation.
*
p-value = ANOVA, test for trend, and Kruskal-Wallis test for differences between means, frequencies, and medians respectively.
†
At least one glass/week in the previous 12 months.
‡
Mini-Mental State Examination score < 22.