Table 3. Gene expression in handball athletes compared to sedentary controls under resting conditions.
| Gene id | Gene name | Function | Fold | Sd | Cohen’s d | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IFNG | Interferon gamma | Acute inflammation | -1.53 | 0.26 | 0.529 | 0.196 |
| IFNGR1 | Interferon gamma receptor 1 | -1.06 | 0.55 | 0.156 | 0.695 | |
| IRAK1 | Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 | 1.34 | 0.39 | 0.474 | 0.269 | |
| TANK | TRAF family member-associated NFKB activator | -1.04 | 0.59 | 0.114 | 0.775 | |
| CD81 | CD81 molecule | Cell communication | 1.33 | 0.47 | 0.572 | 0.165 |
| ITGAX | Integrin alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit) | 1.27 | 0.60 | 0.757 | 0.076 | |
| ITGB1 | Integrin beta 1 | 1.69 | 0.51 | 1.230 | 0.005 | |
| ACADS | Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain | Cell energy metabolism | -1.17 | 0.43 | 0.301 | 0.451 |
| PDHA2 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 2 | -5.62 | 0.04 | 0.846 | 0.042 | |
| ACSL1 | Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 | Cholesterol homeostasis/metabolism | 1.24 | 0.61 | 0.620 | 0.134 |
| CD36/FAT | CD36 molecule (thrombospondin receptor) | -1.04 | 0.62 | 0.121 | 0.762 | |
| PPARGC1B | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta | 1.38 | 0.48 | 0.755 | 0.070 | |
| SCARB1 | Scavenger receptor class B, member 1 | -1.03 | 0.62 | 0.099 | 0.803 | |
| ALDOC | Aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphate | Glucose homeostasis/metabolism | 1.00 | 0.61 | 0.005 | 0.991 |
| KLF4 | Kruppel-like factor 4 (gut) | 1.01 | 0.35 | 0.017 | 0.968 | |
| PDK4 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4 | 1.29 | 0.49 | 0.587 | 0.150 | |
| PRKAA1 | Protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit | 1.05 | 0.77 | 0.261 | 0.516 | |
| CD130 | Il-6 signal transducer | Immune/Inflammation | 1.25 | 0.49 | 0.485 | 0.240 |
| IGJ | Immunoglobulin J polypeptide, linker protein for immunoglobulin alpha and mu polypeptides | -1.03 | 0.31 | 0.040 | 0.919 | |
| IL1B | Interleukin 1 | 1.08 | 0.48 | 0.159 | 0.691 | |
| IL1RN | Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | -1.16 | 0.68 | 0.561 | 0.173 | |
| IL6R | IL-6 receptor | 1.62 | 0.56 | 1.398 | 0.002 | |
| JACK1 | Janus kinase 1 | 1.40 | 0.59 | 0.948 | 0.031 | |
| JACK2 | Janus kinase 2 | 1.04 | 0.58 | 0.102 | 0.797 | |
| MAPK11 (P38) | Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 11 | -2.19 | 0.29 | 1.070 | 0.031 | |
| MAPKAP K2 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 | 1.62 | 0.48 | 1.048 | 0.032 | |
| RPS6KB1 | Ribosomal protein S6 kinase | -1.02 | 0.75 | 0.070 | 0.863 | |
| SELL | Selectin L | -1.16 | 0.78 | 0.832 | 0.054 | |
| SOCS3 | Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 | 1.31 | 0.35 | 0.422 | 0.333 | |
| STAT1 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 91 kDa | 1.06 | 0.61 | 0.159 | 0.693 | |
| STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 | 1.46 | 0.61 | 1.205 | 0.007 | |
| CDC20 | Cell division cycle 20 homolog | Mineral homeostasis/metabolism | 1.06 | 0.35 | 0.091 | 0.821 |
| HFE | Hemochromatosis | 1.07 | 0.56 | 0.149 | 0.725 | |
| MZB1 | Marginal zone B and B1 cell-specific protein | 1.17 | 0.38 | 0.198 | 0.619 | |
| SBP2 | SECIS binding protein 2 | -1.02 | 0.72 | 0.081 | 0.840 | |
| SLC30A1 | Solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter), member 1 | 1.13 | 0.77 | 0.666 | 0.112 | |
| TRPM6 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 6 | 1.14 | 0.55 | 0.301 | 0.457 | |
| TRPM7 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 | -1.05 | 0.54 | 0.131 | 0.743 | |
| TXNDC5 | Thioredoxin domain containing 5 (endoplasmic reticulum) | 1.21 | 0.54 | 0.471 | 0.260 | |
| ACVR1B | Activin A receptor, type IB | Muscle growth/size/body function | 1.90 | 0.34 | 1.011 | 0.017 |
| GYS 1 | Glycogen synthase 1 (muscle) | -1.01 | 0.38 | 0.009 | 0.984 | |
| UCP3 | Uncoupling protein 3 (mitochondrial, proton carrier) | 1.04 | 0.49 | 0.090 | 0.821 | |
| HIF1A | Hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit | Nuclear | 1.37 | 0.65 | 1.134 | 0.008 |
| PPARA | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | 1.17 | 0.63 | 0.491 | 0.267 | |
| CAT | Catalase | Oxidative stress | 1.09 | 0.73 | 0.406 | 0.314 |
| GPX1 | Glutathione peroxidase I | 1.18 | 0.46 | 0.330 | 0.443 | |
| GPX4 | Glutathione peroxidase 4 | 1.04 | 0.63 | 0.132 | 0.741 | |
| GSR | Glutathione reductase | 1.33 | 0.73 | 1.390 | 0.005 | |
| HSP70 | Heat Shock protein 70kDa protein 8 | -1.24 | 0.65 | 0.745 | 0.081 | |
| HSPB1/HSP27 | Heat shock 27kDa protein 1 | -1.14 | 0.47 | 0.292 | 0.525 | |
| MT1F | Metallothionein 1F | -1.16 | 0.20 | 0.139 | 0.742 | |
| MT1G | Metallothionein 1G | 1.01 | 0.12 | 0.009 | 0.982 | |
| MT2A | Metallothionein 2A | -1.08 | 0.25 | 0.087 | 0.835 | |
| MT3 | Metallothionein 3 | -1.77 | 0.05 | 0.321 | 0.428 | |
| PRDX5 | Peroxiredoxin 5 | 1.19 | 0.62 | 0.530 | 0.208 | |
| SOD1 | Superoxide dismutase 1 | -1.07 | 0.71 | 0.289 | 0.473 | |
| SOD2 | Superoxide dismutase 2 | 1.58 | 0.59 | 1.298 | 0.005 | |
| AK1 | Adenylate kinase 1 | Vitamin metabolism/transport | 1.12 | 0.52 | 0.275 | 0.491 |
| CTH | Cystathionase (cystathionine gamma-lyase) | -1.08 | 0.49 | 0.163 | 0.682 | |
| DHFR | Dihydrofolate reductase | -1.34 | 0.26 | 0.372 | 0.396 | |
| FTH1 | Ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1 | 1.03 | 0.50 | 0.073 | 0.863 | |
| GGH | Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (conjugase, folylpolygammaglutamyl hydrolase) | -1.41 | 0.47 | 0.707 | 0.088 | |
| MTHFD1 | Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1 | -1.01 | 0.65 | 0.043 | 0.914 | |
| MTHFD1L | Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like | -1.23 | 0.55 | 0.550 | 0.177 | |
| MTHFR | Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH) | 1.25 | 0.52 | 0.572 | 0.166 | |
| MTR | 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase | 1.18 | 0.69 | 0.569 | 0.163 | |
| MTRR | 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase | -1.16 | 0.64 | 0.487 | 0.231 | |
| SHMT1 | Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (soluble) | 1.13 | 0.47 | 0.235 | 0.556 | |
| SLC11A2 | Solute carrier family 19 (thiamine transporter), member 2 | -1.01 | 0.71 | 0.023 | 0.956 | |
| SLC19A1 | Solute carrier family 19 (folate transporter), member 1 | 1.43 | 0.37 | 0.637 | 0.152 | |
| SLC19A2 | Solute carrier family 19 (thiamine transporter), member 2 | -1.10 | 0.54 | 0.262 | 0.511 | |
| TCN1 | Transcobalamin I (vitamin B-12 binding protein, R binder family) | -1.23 | 0.47 | 0.399 | 0.320 | |
| TCN2 | Transcobalamin II | -1.01 | 0.56 | 0.003 | 0.995 | |
| THTPA | Thiamine triphosphatase | 1.15 | 0.53 | 0.296 | 0.459 | |
| TPK1 | Thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1 | 1.10 | 0.56 | 0.019 | 0.961 | |
| VDR | Vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor | 1.41 | 0.37 | 0.472 | 0.248 |
FC, fold change, was calculated as the ratio of RNA levels (athletes/sedentary). Data are for mean and standard deviation fold change. The cut-off calculation score to establish a significant fold change was established as 1.5. Cohen’s d effect size were also performed to determine the effect of athletic status (small: d between 0.2 and 0.5; moderate: d between 0.5 and 0.8; and large: d > 0.8), with effect sizes below 0.2 considered trivial [35]. Differences were considered significant at p-values < 0.05.