Table I.
SARS-CoV-1 murine vaccine studies
| Study | Vaccine type | SARS-CoV-1 antigen | Adjuvant | Booster rounds | Neutralizing antibodies | Vaccine-induced pathology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deming et al,11 2006 | Recombinant viral particle | S protein (VRP-S) | None | 1× (3-7 wk after first) | Yes | No |
| Nucleocapsid (VRP-N) | None | 1× (3-7 wk after first) | No | Yes, severe (lymph + eos) | ||
| Du et al,12 2007 | Subunit vaccine: S protein RBD | RBD318-510-hFc∗ | Initial: Freund’s complete adjuvant Boosters: Freund’s incomplete adjuvant | 3× (every 3 wk ×2, final at 12 mo) |
Yes | No |
| Yasui et al,13 2008 | Recombinant viral particle | Spike (S) | None | None | Yes (9 d after infection) | Yes, mild (neu) |
| Nucleocapsid (nuc) | None | None | No (9 d after infection) | Yes, severe (eos + neu) | ||
| Membrane (M) | None | None | No (9 d after infection) | No | ||
| Envelope (E) | None | None | No (9 d after infection) | No | ||
| Nuc + M + E + S | None | None | Yes (9 d after infection) | Yes, severe (eos + neu) | ||
| Bolles et al,14 2011 | DIV (formalin/UV) | Whole virus | ± Alum | 1× (2-3 wk after first) | Yes (DIV + alum) (4 d, after infection) |
Yes; eos (4 d, after infection) |
| Whole virus | ± Alum | 1× (2-3 wk after first) | ND | Yes; eos + neu + mac (4 d after infection) | ||
| Whole virus | ± Alum | 1× (2-3 wk after first) | ND | Yes; eos + neu + mac (4 d after infection) | ||
| Tseng et al,15 2012 | DIV (formalin/UV) | Whole virus | ± Alum | 1× (4 wk after first) | Yes (2 mo after booster) | Yes; eos (2 d after infection) (reduced + alum) |
| Beta propiolactone–inactivated virus (BPV) | Whole virus | ± Alum | 1× (4 wk after first) | Yes (2 mo after booster) | Yes; eos (2 d after infection) (no difference + alum) |
|
| Subunit vaccine: Full-length S protein | Spike (S) | ± Alum | 1× (4 wk after first) | Yes (2 mo after booster) | Yes; eos (2 d after infection) (reduced + alum) |
|
| Chimeric virus-like particle (VLP) | Spike (S) | ± Alum | 1× (4 wk after first) | Yes (2 mo after booster) | Yes; eos (2 d after infection) (no difference + alum) |
|
| Iwata-Yoshikawa et al,16 2014 | UV-inactivated whole virus (UV-V) | Whole virus | ± Alum | 1× (6-7 wk after first) | Yes (before infection and 3 d and 10 d after infection) | Yes; eos, lymph |
| Whole virus | ± TLR agonists | 1× (6-7 wk after first) | Yes (before infection and 3 d and 10 d after infection) | No | ||
| Honda-Okubo et al,17 2015 | Subunit vaccine: Partially truncated S protein | SpikeΔTM (SΔTM) | ± Alum | 1× (3 wk after first) | Yes (3 d after infection) | Yes, severe eos (6 d after infection) |
| SpikeΔTM (SΔTM) | ± Advax1 | 1× (3 wk after first) | Yes (3 d after infection) | Yes, mild eos (6 d after infection) | ||
| SpikeΔTM (SΔTM) | ± Advax2 | 1× (3 wk after first) | Yes (3 d after infection) | No |
DIV, Double-inactivated whole virus; eos, eosinophil; lymph, lymphocyte; mac, alveolar macrophage; ND, not done; neu, neutrophil; RBD, receptor-binding domain; SΔTM, Spike protein-transmembrane domain deleted; UV, ultraviolet light; VRP, virus replicon particle; VV, vaccinia; V, virus.
Alum, Aluminum salts; TLR agonist [LPS, poly(I:C), poly(U)]; Advax1, delta inulin microparticles; Advax2, delta inulin microparticles and CpG.
∗
Fusion protein of SARS-CoV-1 RBD (193 amino acids long) and Fc domain of human IgG1.