Table 2.

SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV entry pathways in commonly used cell lines. For each cell line, the pathway that SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV uses to infect that cell line is described. If the pathway is unknown, it is noted if the cell line is susceptible to either SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV or if the cell line has been tested.

Cell Type	Cell Type	SARS-CoV Infection Notes	MERS-CoV Infection Notes
16HBE	Human bronchial epithelia	Likely using early pathway (Kam et al., 2009)	Not tested
A549	Human alveolar basal epithelial carcinoma	Lacks ACE2, does not infect (Kam et al., 2009; Simmons et al., 2004)	Weak/No infection (Gierer et al., 2013; Qian et al., 2013)
BEAS-2B	Human bronchial epithelial	Lacks ACE2, does not infect (Kam et al., 2009)	Not tested
BSC-1	African Green Monkey respiratory epithelial	Late pathway (Mingo et al., 2015)	Not tested
Caco-2	Human colon epithelial adenocarcinoma	Infects (Mossel et al., 2005)	Early pathway (Gierer et al., 2013; Kleine-Weber et al., 2018) Could use both pathways (Park et al., 2016)
Calu-3	Human bronchial epithelial adenocarcinoma	Early pathway (Kawase et al., 2012)	Early pathway (Park et al., 2016; Shirato et al., 2013)
COS-7	African Green Monkey kidney fibroblast	Lacks ACE2, does not infect (Simmons et al., 2004) Late pathway with ACE2 transfection (Inoue et al., 2007)	Not tested
EA-HY	Human endothelium	Not tested	Does not infect (Gierer et al., 2013)
HEK293T	Human embryonic kidney	Late pathway (Simmons et al., 2004) Late pathway with ACE2 transfection (Bertram et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2006; Shulla et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2008)	Late pathway with DPP4 transfection (Gierer et al., 2013)
HeLa	Human cervix epithelial adenocarcinoma	Late pathway with ACE2 transfection (Kawase et al., 2012)	Lacks DPP4, does not infect (Shirato et al., 2013)
HepG2	Human liver carcinoma	Late pathway (Inoue et al., 2007)	Not tested
HOS	Human bone, fibroblast/epithelial osteosarcoma	Does not infect (Simmons et al., 2004)	Infects (Gierer et al., 2013)
HT1080	Human fibrosarcoma	Infects (Simmons et al., 2004)	Not tested
Huh-7	Human liver carcinoma	Infects (Simmons et al., 2004)	Late pathway (Millet and Whittaker, 2014; Park et al., 2016)
Human Airway Epithelial	Primary	Not tested	Early pathway (Park et al., 2016)
LLCMK2	Rhesus Macaque kidney epithelial	Not tested	Late pathway (Qian et al., 2013)
MRC-5	Human lung fibroblast	Not tested	Likely late pathway (Gierer et al., 2013; Millet and Whittaker, 2014; Shirato et al., 2013)
NHBE	Primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells	Not tested	Late pathway (Millet and Whittaker, 2014)
RPE	Human retina epithelial	Not tested	Does not infect (Gierer et al., 2013)
U373	Human glioblastoma	Not tested	Does not infect (Gierer et al., 2013)
Vero E6	African Green Monkey kidney epithelial	Late pathway (Glowacka et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2006; Matsuyama et al., 2010; Simmons et al., 2004)	Late pathway (Kleine-Weber et al., 2018; Millet and Whittaker, 2014; Qian et al., 2013; Shirato et al., 2013)
WI-38	Human lung fibroblast	Not tested	Likely late pathway (Millet and Whittaker, 2014; Shirato et al., 2013)